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discourse relates to the topic. That’s why the researcher interests to analyze
grammatical cohesion devices especially reference in J. K. Rowling’s speech. In
this research, the researher will analyze the speech of famous writer J.K. Rowling. As we know, she is an author of Harry Potter novel. J.K. Rowling had speeched
on graduation ceremony in Harvard University in front of the graduates, graduates’ parents, and all of members of the Harvard Corporation. The tittle of
her speech is the fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination.
Her speech has caused many people stunned. The speech generally share about her life experience during her lecture period, before she success in her career as an
author. J.K. Rowling’s speech many give inspirations and motivations to anyone
who hear. Although, in her many speeches very inspires to anyone, the whole sentences that are said by J.K. Rowling is not difficult enough to be understood.
Therefore, the researcher interests to analyze grammatical cohesion of references used by J.K. Rowling in that her speech. Whether J.K. Rowling is familiar with
the usage of grammatical cohesive devices in her speech. We also need a good understanding about the relation between context and
grammatical cohesion of references in J.K. Rowling’s speech. So, as the hearer
can understand a discourse the speaker means well.
B. Focus of the Study
Related to the background of the study, so the researcher focus on analyzing the marker of grammatical cohesion devices of reference used in the
J. K. Rowling’s speech with tittle the fringe benefits of failure and the importance
of imagination in Harvard University on June 5
th
, 2008.
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C. Research Questions
Based on focus of the study above, the researcher formulates research questions as follow:
1. What types and functions of grammatical cohesion devices of references
are used in J. K. Rowling’s speech?
2. How does context affect the audience’s understanding on the grammatical
cohesion of references in J. K. Rowling’s speech?
D. Significance of the Study
Through this research, theoritically, the researcher hopes it will give contribution to linguistics field. Especially, grammatical cohesion of references.
And practically, the researcher hopes that the result of this research is able to give input for those who interest in discourse analysis, and can be used as source of
information to another researcher who do the same research.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objectives of Research
Based on the background of the research, the objective of the research are:
a. To identify and describe types and functions of grammatical cohesion
devices of references used in J. K. Rowling’ speech.
b. To describe context affect of the audience’s understanding on the
grammatical cohesion of references in J.K. Rowling’s speech?
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2. The Method of Research
The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Through this method, the researcher will describe markers of grammatical
cohesion of reference contain in this research object. In this research, the researcher tries to analyze and classify kinds of the grammatical cohesion
devices of references appear in J. K. Rowling’s speech, then describe the
functions of the grammatical cohesion devices of reference appear in J.K. Rowling’s speech.
3. The Technique of Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the researcher applies the several steps. First, the researcher searchs video and script of J.
K. Rowling’s speech in Harvard University. Second, the researcher watchs that video which
duration video at 00:20:59 and reads its script. Third, the researcher uses M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan’s theory and other similar support
theories in analyze markers of grammatical cohesion of reference used in J.
K. Rowling’s speech to construct discourse in that her speech.
4. The Instrument of the Research
The main instrument of this research is the researcher herself as the subject of the study through collecting, reading, and analyzing the acquired
datas. Those data are collected from the script of video J. K. Rowling’s
speech.
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5. Unit of Analysis
The unit of data analysis in the research are all of the sentences are used in the J.
K. Rowling’s speech the fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination in Harvard University on June 5
th
, 2008.
6. Time and Place of the Research
This research was started in March until July 2015 in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta’s library and other libraries that can be references of
this research.
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research
The researcher lists some of the results of previous studies by other researchers that had ever been read by the researcher. The first study was
conducted by Anna Kharunnisa 2011 with tittle “An Analysis of cohesion on Editor‟s Note in U.S. News and world Report Magazine. This study was
conducted to analyze the usin g of cohesion devices on Editor‟s Note in U.S. News
and world Report Magazine. The study focused on cohesiveness degree by analyzed
cohesion on three texts of editor‟s note in U.S. News and world Report Magazine. Based on M.A.K Halliday and Ruqai
ya Hasan‟s theory, the researcher of this study analyzed the two kinds of cohesion devices, which were grammatical
cohesion and lexical cohes ion on Editor‟s Note in U.S. News and world Report
Magazine. The result of this study showed the differences in using grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion devices and degree of cohesiveness in each text. First
text was the fewer cohesive than third text, and third text was fewer cohesive than second text. Generally, first text was the fewest cohesive of all the text, and
second text was the most cohesive of all the text. The next study was conducted by Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin 2011 with
tittle “An analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on the Journalistic Text of VoAnews.com
”. In this study, the researcher examined grammatical and lexical cohesion in Journalistic text. The researcher focused on the grammatical and
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lexical cohesion and its markers of the journalistic text on the Journalistic Text of VoAnews.com Edition of December 27th 2010 - December 30th 2010. The
result of her study , based on Halliday and Hasan‟s theory about cohesion, the
researcher concluded that all kind of grammatical and lexical cohesion devices utilized in the journalistic text which the researcher analyzed. They were
reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction as grammatical cohesion devices. While repetition, synonym, near-synonym, superordinate, general word, and
collocation as lexical cohesion devices. However, generally lexical cohesion devices were very rarely utilized in the text, except repetition. The dominant
device of grammatical cohesion was reference, its percentage reached 56.64. Meanwhile the dominant device of lexical cohesion was repetition, its percentage
attained 15.39. The cohesiveness degree each markers were different, grammatical cohesion devices reached very high level of cohesiveness degree, the
percentage average of cohesiveness degree attained 85.77. Contrast to grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion devices was very low, its percentage
average only reached 50.01. Another study has been made bySri Widyarti Ali 2010
entittled “Penanda Kohesi Gramatikal dan Leksikal dalam Cerpen “The Killers” Written by Ernest
Hemingway”. This study also use M.A.K Halliday and Hasan‟s theory, and the result of that study was the reseacher found the four aspects of grammatical
cohesion, they were reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction in discourse of short story “The Killers”. If it presentated, so in grammatical cohesion there are
91,1 aspect of reference, 0,37 aspect of substitution, 2,04 aspect of ellipsis,
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and 6,49 aspect of conjunction. Besides that, the researcher found the five types of lexical cohesion, they were repetition, synonym, hyponym, antonym, and
meronym. If it presentated, so in lexical cohesion there were 22,5 repetition, 20 synonym, 12,5 hyponym, 32,5 antonym, and 12,5 meronym. Using of
the grammatical and lexical cohesion on the short story “The Killers” had some
reasons that became background. Basically, usingsome aspects of grammatical and lexical cohesion that dominate discourse of this short story had background
of minimalism in written short story Hemingw ay‟ style. The minimalism
represented on the expressing plot of story which dominated by using short dialogues. Mentioning nominal and nominal phrase as the elements of reference
almost always followed by using personal reference and demonstrative reference which was the elements of its cohesion. In addition, using the lexical cohesion
markers like synonym and hyponym aim to avoid using monotonic language or tend to same from the begin until the end of the story, and created variation of
using language that made discourse more interesting. Actually, the related studies above are similar to this study that discussed
about cohesive devices, and also use M.A.K Halliday an d Hasan‟s theory like this
study who has done by the researcher. But, they had a different object. However, this research differs from those previous studies above. This study focuses on
using grammatical cohesion of references on J.
K. Rowling‟s speech entittled the fringe benefits of failure and the importance of imagination.
The researcher will analyze and describe grammatical cohesion devices of references which
applied in discourse.
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B. Discourse Analysis
