9
B. Discourse Analysis
One of different kinds of language as potential objects for study is used to communicate something and is felt to be coherent and may, or may not, happen
to correspond to a correct sentence or a series of correct sentences. This kind of language in use, for communication is called discourse, and the search for what
gives discourse coherence is discourse analysis.
2
Many experts have the same opinion about discourse. It is defined as language complete unit in grammatical hierarchy is the highest grammatical unit
upon unit of sentences.
3
Discourse analysis or discourse is an explanation about how sentences are connected and give reference framework that understand about various kinds of
discourse, which is give explanation about logical arrangement, discourse management, and stylistic characteristic of a discourse.
4
A discourse is not only consist of grammatical sentences, but also a discourse must give an interpretation
that meaningful to their readers or listeners. It also mean that speaker or writer not only arrange the grammatical sentences, but also the sentences that connected
logically and context. So, discourse analysis objectiveis not to arrange one general rule about discourse analysis.
5
Based on the opinion above, it can be concluded that discourse analysis is a study that observe and analyze language which is used to communicate and
review some function pragmatic of language and try to reach the nearest
2
Guy Cook, Discourse Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, p.6.
3
Abdul chaer, Linguistik umum Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2007, p. 62.
4
J.D Parera, Teori semantik second edition Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004, p. 219.
5
Ibid. pp. 219-220.
10
meaning with the real meaning intended by speaker in an oral discourse or by a writer in a written discourse.
C. Halliday’s Cohesion Theory
Cohesion is a semantic relation between elements in text and some other elements that is crucial to the interpretation.
6
Therefore, Halliday divided the concept of cohesion into text, texture, and ties.
1.Text
The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole. A text may be spoken
or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all day
discussion on a commitee. A text is a unit of language in use. It is not grammatical unit, like a clause or a sentence, and its not defined by its size.
7
From the official statement before, we know that the text can be spoken or written form.
2. Texture
The concept of texture is entirely appropriate to express the property of „being a text‟. A text has texture, and this is what distinguishes it from something
that is not text. It derives this texture from the fact that it functions as a unity with respect to its environment.
8
6
M.A.K Halliday, and Hasan, Cohesion in english London dan newyork: Longman Group Limited,1976, p. 8.
7
Ibid,p. 1
8
Ibid, p. 2.
11
3. Ties
We need a term to refer to a single instance of cohesion, a term for one occurance of a pair of cohesively related items. This we shall call tie.
9
The concept of a tie makes it possible to analyze a text in terms of its cohesive properties, and
give a systematic account of its patterns of texture.
10
A tie is a complex notion, because it includes not only the cohesive element itself but also that which is
presupposed by it.
11
D. Grammatical Cohesion
The ties that connect up units of language to form a text,
12
or referring to the connections which have their manifestation in the discourse itself.
13
Therefore, to facilitate in interpreting a discourse in the text needs good cohesion. Because
cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another.
14
Kushartanti explained that cohesion is the condition of language elements which reference and connected systematically.
15
Some form cohesion which is represent in grammar by vocabulary.
16
Based on Halliday ‟s theory the cohesion
elements in the discourse divided into two types. They are grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion devices is discussed in reference,
substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.
9
Ibid, p. 3.
10
Ibid, p. 4.
11
Ibid, p. 329.
12
H.G. Widdowson, Linguistics Oxford: Oxford Universitty Press, 1996 p. 125.
13
Jan Renkema, Introduction to Discourse Studies Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004, p. 103.
14
M.A.K Halliday, and Hasan 1976,Op.cit., p. 4.
15
Kushartanti, Pesona Bahasa Jakarta: PT, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005 p. 96.
16
M.A.K Halliday, and Hasan 1976,Op.cit., p. 6.
12
E. Reference
Kategori