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three items of personal reference. They are: we, I, and you. We is first person plural, that refers to what is said follow, that are I and you. Because of that, this
item is categorized as cataphora reference. Meanwhile, the words I is first person singular refers to J.K. Rowling as a speaker and you is second person plural refers
to audiences, they are President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, proud parents, and graduates
Therefore, those items are categorized as exophora reference.
Data 8:
Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on
which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticised only by fools.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. There is an item of personal
reference, it is your. The word your is possessive determiner refers to audiences
which is President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of t
he faculty, graduates‟ parents, and all graduates. That
item is categorized as exophora reference, which is the word your that relates and
depends on situational context.
b. Demonstrative Reference
Data 1: The
commencement speaker that day was the distinguished British philosopher Baroness Mary Warnock.
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The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. From the sentence above, the
word the refers to thing that has been mentioned in sentence before, which is commencement.
Therefore, the word the is the item of demonstrative references and the word the is categorized as anaphora reference. The is neutral
demonstrative reference.
Data 2: This
revelation came in the form of one of my earliest day jobs.
Based on the sentence above, the item of demonstrative reference marked
by this. The word this refers to context, something that is connected by J.K.
Rowling ‟s speech directly. The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech
on graduation ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Then, she shares about one of the greatest formative experiences of her life
Data 3: These
may seem quixotic or paradoxical choices, but please bear with me.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Based on the sentences above,
these refers to
the benefits of failure
which is said on preceding text, so these is categorized as the item of anaphora reference. The word these is the item of
nominal demonstrative. As we know, these is plural of this. Data 4:
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Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on
which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticised only by fools.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. She describes about poverty in
her past time, then gives inspiration to climbing out of poverty. The word that refers to phrase your own efforts which is said on preceding text, therefore the
word that is categorized as the item of anaphora reference. That refers to
something unclose that said by speaker, in this case is your own efforts. Besides
of that, that is included one of the items of nominal demonstrative reference,
which refers to something.
Data 5: Now
, I am not going to stand here and tell you that failure is fun.
The context of the sentences are J.K. Rowling‟s speech on graduation
ceremony in Harvard University, on June 5, 2008. Based on the sentence above,
there are 2 items of demonstrative reference. First, the word now refers to time when that speech said, which is on June 5, 2008. Second, the word here refers to
to place where speech said, which is in Harvard University. Then, Both of them are categorized as the items of adverbial demonstrative reference, which is refers
to the place of a process in a time or place.
c. Comparative Reference
