Fertilization Stage Life Cycle Inventory LCI on Jatropha curcas

This sub unit is used to react free fatty acid and methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst Figure 3.39. Figure 3.39 Sub unit of esterification reactor The input on line number 7 is: methanol, sulfuric acid, and water. The input on line number 4 is: FFA, triglycerides, water, and dirt. While the output on line number 8 is: methyl esters, FFA, triglycerides, methanol, sulfuric acid, water, and dirt. The results of biodiesel milling plant survey which implemented in PT.Adaro are as follows: - Biodiesel plant capacity is 1.1 tons per day - Raw material used in the process is still obtained from the outer city. Based on the results found in the field, CJCO is purchased from Jakarta and West Nusa Tenggara. - FFA value of CJCO is higher than 5 i.e. 7 to 11. Thus, esterification process should be followed by transesterification. - FFA value of CPO is less than 5. Thus it only needs transesterification process. - Biodiesel plant in PT.Adaro is developed by BPPT Serpong, Indonesia. In general, the existing system of machine equipment consists of : crude oil tank, degumming tank, degummed oil tank, FFA tank, FFA separator, FFA recovery tank, vacuum evaporator FFA tank, FFA free oil tank, vacuum oil evaporator tank, salt water tank, alkaline tank, mixing alkaline catalyst tank, mixing acid catalyst tank, washing tank, reactor tank 4 units, vacuum evaporator biodiesel, esterification reactor 1 unit, transesterification reactor 3 units, QC tank, biodiesel tank 4 units, and pump equipment at each stage. Conclusion The conclusions that can be drawn in this chapter are as follows: 1. Palm oil consumes higher input material and energy than Jatropha curcas. 2. Jatropha curcas starts to produce at 4 months the first year, while palm oil starts to produce at 30 months the third year. 3. Intensive application of agro-chemical input fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, etc. on oil palm and Jatropha curcas occurs during the 1-5 years unstable production. Stable application occurs when the plants have reached 6-25 years stable production. 4. The life cycle of oil palm is 25 years, while Jatropha curcas can reach up to 50 years, but the effective life cycle is only up to 25 years. 3 OH 2 SO 4 FFA Triglyceride water dirt CH 3 OH H 2 SO 4 7 4 8 methyl ester Triglyceride water dirt CH H water FFA 5. The productivity of oil palm is higher than Jathropa curcas. It can be seen that oil palm productivityis around 21.5tons of FFB per hectare per year around 4.3 tons biodiesel per ha per year, while the productivity of Jatropha curcas is about 5 tons per ha per year around 1.09 biodiesel tons per ha per year. 6. Jatropha curcas consumes higher organic fertilizer than oil palm. On the contrary, oil palm consumes higher NPK fertilizer than Jatropha curcas. 7. Biodiesel production from CPO only needs transesterification process due to the FFA value is lower than 5 other references mention that FFA value is lower that 2. Biodiesel production from CJCO needs esterification and transesterification process due to the FFA value is higher than 5.

CHAPTER 4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Introduction Life cycle impact assessment LCIA is the third phase of LCA. The main goal of this stage is to interprete the quantified environmental burden in LCI stage. Impact selection, category indicators, and LCIA model used in this research reflect the environmental issues of the observed system. Classifications involve aggregation of environmental burdens to a small number of environmental impact categories which will demonstrate their impacts on existed resource depletion. In this stage, the existed environmental burden is calculated and analyzed as well as interpreted as the potential impacts. The purpose is to present the potential impacts in the form of analysis which is useful as the research outputs and can be understood by users. LCA model focuses on physical characteristics of industrial activities and other economic processes; it does not include market mechanisms or secondary effects on technology development. In general, LCA regards all processes as linear, both in the economy and in the environment. LCA is a supporting tool based on linear modeling. Furthermore, LCA focuses on environmental aspects of products and disregard the economic, social, and other characteristics. The environmental impacts are often defined as “potential impacts”, as they are not specified in time and space and are related to an arbitrarily defined functional unit. Although LCA aims to be science-based, it involves a number of technical assumption and value choices. An important role is played by ISO standardization process, which helps to avoid the arbitrariness. Another important aim is to make these assumptions and choices as transparent as possible. Finally, fundamental characteristic considers that LCA is an analytical tool as it provides information for decision support. However, LCA can not replace the decision making process it self. The objective of this chapter is to carry out impact assessment on data collected in Chapter 3 and assess some option scenario to obtain optimum result which reflects the real condition of Indonesia. Literature Review In the impact assessment phase, the result of inventory analysis is interpreted on the contribution to a relevant impact category such as the depletion of abiotic natural resource, climate change, acidification, and many more. There are three different groups of impact category that can be chosen based on the interest of environment in relation to LCA and available characterization method. Intervension conducted on inventory analysis results is quantified in general indicator. In impact category, a characterization method consists of category indicators, model characterization, and factor characterization. According to Ciambrone 1997, Life Cycle Assessment considers 5 output types, i.e.: atmospheric emissions, water borne wastes, solid wastes, products, and by- products. These are some points of basic characterization methods developed by