5. Protection Stages
Weeding
New planted Jatropha curcas is very sensitive to weed others disturbing crops. Therefore, weeds must be controlled periodically until the plant reaches
four months old. Intensive control should be done around the plant with a distance of one meter from the plant stem. Control of weeds can be done by using a hoe to
remove or clean it. Hoeing should be done carefully to avoid disturbing the roots. Weeds can also be treated with chemicals.
Pest control
Jatropha curcas planted by farmers in Indonesia is known as a toxic plant
that has insecticidal properties due to the absence of pest and diseases attack. This is presumably due to the planting system that is generally mixed with other plants
such as Gliricidia Glyrecidiamaculata and hibiscus. Pest and disease attack will emerge if planting is done extensively especially with monoculture systems.
Insects attack Jatropha curcas plant at the inflorecent flower and fruit, while termite attacks the base of stem. Control can be performed technically and
chemically even it is recommended to use biological material. It is also important to maintain the condition of plant and soil from various pesticide contaminations.
6. Harvesting Stages
Harvest and productivity
Jatropha curcas plant starts flowering after 3-4 months, while the fruit
formation began at 4-5 months. Harvesting is done when the fruit is ripe, yellow fruit skin and began to dry up. Ripe fruit is reached after 5-6 months. Jatropha is a
perennial plant that can live more than 25 or 50 years if maintained properly.
At the first harvest, the productivity of Jatropha curcas is only 0.5 to 1 ton of dry beans per ha per year. Furthermore, yields can be increased gradually up to
5 tons in the fifth year after planting. Harvesting can be performed by picking the fruit using hand or scissors. The productivity of Jatropha curcas ranges from 3.5
to 4.5 kg seedstreeyear. Population is between 2500 - 3300 treesha, the productivity is between 8-15 tons of beansha. If the oil yield is 35, each hectare
can produce 2.5 to 5 tons of oilhayear. Production unit is determined in weight unit by kg or ton. Good quality of dry grain is expressed in 1300-1500 grains per
kilogram, while the poor one only reaches up to 2000-2500 grains.
7. Extraction stages beans to CJCO
Several methods that can be used to obtain the oil or fatty substance are rendering, mechanical pressing technique and solvent extraction.Mechanical
pressing is a method of separating the oil from the material in the form of grains and most suitable to separate the oil from the high oil content 30-70 percent.
Jatropha curcas
oil is contained in the material in the form of seeds approximately 48-58 percent Banerji et al., 1985 in Ferry, 2009. Based on
these conditions, the most appropriate method for extraction of Jatropha curcas is mechanical pressing technique.
Crude
Jatropha curcasOil CJCO
The bean of Jatropha curcas consists of 60 percent of weight kernels fruit pulp and 40 percent of the skin weight. Nucleus seed kernel of jatropha oil
contains about 40-45 percent oil that can be extracted by mechanical or solvent extraction such as hexane. Jatropha oil is a type of oil that has triglyceride
composition similar to peanut oil. Unlike Jatropha Kaliki ricinus communis, the essential fatty acids in jatropha oil is high enough so that jatropha oil can be
directly consumed as long as the poison content such as phorbol ester and curcinishad been removed. Jatropha curcas oil is denser than other vegetable oil.
Two methods that are commonly used in mechanical pressing are hydraulic pressing and expeller pressing. Hydraulic press is pressed by pressure around
140.6 kgcm. The amount of used pressure will affect the yield of Jatropha curcas oil. In hydraulic pressing, prior to pressing, jatropha needs pretreatment such as
cooking to coagulate protein. Protein clumping is needed for efficient extraction. Hydraulic press is generally produced oil yield up to 30 percent. Figure 3.35
shows the flow diagram of Jatropha curcas oil extraction method using hydraulic presses. The complete diagram along with the equipment is shown in Appendix 7.
Figure 3.35 Jatropha curcas oil extraction using hydraulic pressing Oil pressing technique using screw is a more advanced technology and
widely used in the oil processing industry today. In this method, the beans are pressed using screw press that runs continuously. This extraction technique does
not require pre-treatment. Dry jatropha beans can be directly inserted into screw press. The screw press can be a single screw pressor twin screw press. Yield of
jatropha oil produced by single screw pressing techniques is approximately 25-35 percent, while the technique of twin screw press produces approximately 40-45
dry Jatropha curcas bean heating with dry vapor 100
o
C to inactivate lipase enzyme and easy to open the bean during milling process
crushing the skin and the bean separate the skin and the flesh
the skin of bean
milling the flesh Hydraulic pressing
hand traditional pressing can yield 25-40 oil Crude Jatropha curcas Oil CJCO
produce clean oil with yellow gold color kernel cake
the oil content is about 5
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