Seedling stages Life Cycle Inventory LCI on Jatropha curcas

The bean of Jatropha curcas consists of 60 percent of weight kernels fruit pulp and 40 percent of the skin weight. Nucleus seed kernel of jatropha oil contains about 40-45 percent oil that can be extracted by mechanical or solvent extraction such as hexane. Jatropha oil is a type of oil that has triglyceride composition similar to peanut oil. Unlike Jatropha Kaliki ricinus communis, the essential fatty acids in jatropha oil is high enough so that jatropha oil can be directly consumed as long as the poison content such as phorbol ester and curcinishad been removed. Jatropha curcas oil is denser than other vegetable oil. Two methods that are commonly used in mechanical pressing are hydraulic pressing and expeller pressing. Hydraulic press is pressed by pressure around 140.6 kgcm. The amount of used pressure will affect the yield of Jatropha curcas oil. In hydraulic pressing, prior to pressing, jatropha needs pretreatment such as cooking to coagulate protein. Protein clumping is needed for efficient extraction. Hydraulic press is generally produced oil yield up to 30 percent. Figure 3.35 shows the flow diagram of Jatropha curcas oil extraction method using hydraulic presses. The complete diagram along with the equipment is shown in Appendix 7. Figure 3.35 Jatropha curcas oil extraction using hydraulic pressing Oil pressing technique using screw is a more advanced technology and widely used in the oil processing industry today. In this method, the beans are pressed using screw press that runs continuously. This extraction technique does not require pre-treatment. Dry jatropha beans can be directly inserted into screw press. The screw press can be a single screw pressor twin screw press. Yield of jatropha oil produced by single screw pressing techniques is approximately 25-35 percent, while the technique of twin screw press produces approximately 40-45 dry Jatropha curcas bean heating with dry vapor 100 o C to inactivate lipase enzyme and easy to open the bean during milling process crushing the skin and the bean separate the skin and the flesh the skin of bean milling the flesh Hydraulic pressing hand traditional pressing can yield 25-40 oil Crude Jatropha curcas Oil CJCO produce clean oil with yellow gold color kernel cake the oil content is about 5 percent. Figure 3.36 shows the pressing process flow diagram using screw pressing method. The complete diagram along with the equipment is shown in Appendix 8. Figure 3.36 Jatropha curcas oil extraction using screw pressing Figure 3.37 Oil extraction flow chart from Jatropha curcas beans under combination method of twin screw press and solvent extraction Mechanical pressing technique can also be combined with solvent extraction technique. Although it results good quality, especially when using solvent extraction method, the production cost is very expensive. So the combination method of pressing and solvent extraction is not suitable for small and medium industries. This combination of techniques is more appropriate for large industries. Figure 3.37 presents oil extraction flow chart from jatropha beans under combination methods. The advantages on using screw pressing are as follows : seed of Jathropa curcas pressing cake filtration pure of CJCO dry of Jatropha curcas bean screw pressing CJCO 30 - 35 kernel cake Jatropha curcas oil 8 - 10 Solvent extraction solvent by heksanheptana kernel cake destilation solvent crude jathropa curcas oil CJCO - Production capacity increases due to continue pressing process. - Saves time because the production process does not require pretreatment, i.e.size reduction and cookingheating. - Increase yield

8. Biodiesel Production Stage

Methyl ester biodiesel from jatropha oil can be produced through a process of transesterification. In the production of biodiesel, the common used catalyst is sodium ethylate, NaOH or KOH. To drive the reaction to move right to produce methyl ester biodiesel it is necessary to use alcohol in excess amount or one of the resulting products must be separated. The main factors affecting the ester yield under transesterification reaction are molar ratio between triglycerides and alcohol, the type of used catalyst, the reaction temperature, reaction time, water content, and free fatty acid content in the raw material which may inhibit the expected reaction. Others factors affecting the ester content of biodiesel are the content of glycerol, the type of alcohol used in the transesterification reaction, the amount of residual catalyst and soap content. Figure 3.38 shows the production process stages of biodiesel using CJCO. This scheme shows common production process which is generally carried out by milling industry i.e. esterification process followed by transesterification stage 1 and stage 2. Esterification reaction with acidic catalysts is performed due to FFA value of CJCO is greater than 5. Figure 3.38 CJCO process under catalytic method in PT Adaro esterification and 2 stages transesterification Detail process of biodiesel production from CJCO is similar with crude palm oil CPO. The difference is that esterification process should be performed in CJCO process. Flow chart of mass and energy balance at each sub process of esterification is as follows: Sub Unit of Esterification Reactor separation of glycerol- I purification Washing and Dehydration Biodiesel Transesterification Stage I Transesterification Stage II Alkali catalyst + Methanol separation of glycerol II pinch methanol pinch Glycerol Crude of glycerin Salt fertilizer Esterificatin Reaction Alkali catalyst + Methanol acid catalyst methanol CJCO