Types of the Data Techniques of Data Collection

to guide the researcher when conducted interviews before, during, and after the learning process using cue card media. Interview guidelines contained some issues such as the questions around teaching writing before action, the implementation of cue card, the problems found during the implementation, and the students’ perspective towards cue card. The data was in the forms of interview transcripts. 2. Observation Checklist To find more data of the students’ problems, the researcher conducted the observations. In conducting the observations, the researcher used observation checklist as a guidance to observe the teaching and learning process. The observations checklist also used to observe the researcher during the actions. The observers were English teacher and Amaliya as the collaborators. 3. Students’ Worksheets This instrument was used during tests to measure students’ writing ability. The pre-test was conducted before the researcher did the actions to measure the students’ writing ability. During the actions, the researcher had students to have writing practices using cue cards. The researcher recorded the scores of writing practices to be the data. After that, the researcher conducted a post-test to measure the improvement. 4. Questionnaire Sheets The researcher made questionnaire sheets and distributed it to the students. They had to fulfill the form honestly. After they completed the form, it became the supportive data. 5. Scoring Rubric of Writing In scoring the students’ work, the researcher used scoring rubric of writing from Jacobs 1981. It focused on five aspects of writing. They are content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. Each aspect has its own criteria of score. 6. Camera This instrument was used by the researcher to gather more complete data. The researcher used a camera to take some photographs and record videos in all steps of the research. The data was in the forms of photographs and videos.

G. Techniques of Data Analysis

As the researcher has stated before, this research had both qualitative and quantitative data. To analyze the data, the researcher used qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. Burn 1999 suggested several steps in analyzing the qualitative data. They are stated below. 1. Assembling the data In this step, the researcher collected the data from field notes, interview transcripts, and observation checklists. The researcher looked for what really occurred during the research. 2. Coding the data After assembling the data was done, the next step was coding the data. The researcher identified the data by reducing large amount of data into more specific categories and patterns. 3. Comparing the data In this step, the researcher compared the different sets of data to see whether the answer from the respondent was contradicted or not. 4. Building meanings and interpretations The researcher interpreted the data based on the previous steps to make some sense of the meaning of the data. She reflected the data with creative thinking about what the data were saying. 5. Reporting the outcomes In this process, the researcher reported and presented the data. She considered some aspects in reporting the result. First, she discussed the issues or problems that prompted the research. Next, she described the context of the research. Then, she analyzed the findings by providing the samples of the data and interpreted how the actions could solve the problems. Meanwhile, the quantitative data was used to support the qualitative data. The data was gained from the questionnaires and the students’ writing score in pre-test until post-test. The researcher used descriptive analysis in the form of mean to analyze the data. Then, to see the improvements of the students’ writing skills, the researcher compared the students’ scores in pre-test, cycle 1, cycle 2, and post-test.