b Perbandingan Efektivitas antara Aspirin dengan Madu dan Propolis Sebagai Antiplatelet Berdasarkan Waktu Perdarahan pada Ekor Mencit

ANOVA WaktuPerdarahan Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 405761.375 3 135253.792 11.470 .000 Within Groups 330161.500 28 11791.482 Total 735922.875 31 UJI KRUSKAL WALLIS Test Statistics

a,b

WaktuPerdaraha n Chi-Square 18.586 df 3 Asymp. Sig. .000 a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: NamaObat UJI MANN WHITNEY Placebo dan Aspirin Ranks NamaObat N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks WaktuPerdarahan Placebo 8 4.50 36.00 Aspirin 8 12.50 100.00 Total 16 Universitas Sumatera Utara Test Statistics a WaktuPerdaraha n Mann-Whitney U .000 Wilcoxon W 36.000 Z -3.363 Asymp. Sig. 2-tailed .001 Exact Sig. [21-tailed Sig.] .000 b a. Grouping Variable: NamaObat b. Not corrected for ties. Placebo dan Propolis Ranks NamaObat N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks WaktuPerdarahan Placebo 8 4.50 36.00 Propolis 8 12.50 100.00 Total 16 Test Statistics a WaktuPerdaraha n Mann-Whitney U .000 Wilcoxon W 36.000 Z -3.363 Asymp. Sig. 2-tailed .001 Exact Sig. [21-tailed Sig.] .000 b a. Grouping Variable: NamaObat b. Not corrected for ties. Universitas Sumatera Utara Placebo dan Madu Ranks NamaObat N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks WaktuPerdarahan Placebo 8 4.50 36.00 Madu 8 12.50 100.00 Total 16 Test Statistics a WaktuPerdaraha n Mann-Whitney U .000 Wilcoxon W 36.000 Z -3.363 Asymp. Sig. 2-tailed .001 Exact Sig. [21-tailed Sig.] .000 b a. Grouping Variable: NamaObat b. Not corrected for ties. Aspirin dan Propolis Ranks NamaObat N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks WaktuPerdarahan Aspirin 8 8.25 66.00 Propolis 8 8.75 70.00 Total 16 Universitas Sumatera Utara Test Statistics a WaktuPerdaraha n Mann-Whitney U 30.000 Wilcoxon W 66.000 Z -.210 Asymp. Sig. 2-tailed .834 Exact Sig. [21-tailed Sig.] .878 b a. Grouping Variable: NamaObat b. Not corrected for ties. Aspirin dan Madu Ranks NamaObat N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks WaktuPerdarahan Aspirin 8 10.13 81.00 Madu 8 6.88 55.00 Total 16 Test Statistics a WaktuPerdaraha n Mann-Whitney U 19.000 Wilcoxon W 55.000 Z -1.365 Asymp. Sig. 2-tailed .172 Exact Sig. [21-tailed Sig.] .195 b a. Grouping Variable: NamaObat b. Not corrected for ties. Universitas Sumatera Utara Propolis dan Madu Ranks NamaObat N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks WaktuPerdarahan Propolis 8 9.75 78.00 Madu 8 7.25 58.00 Total 16 Test Statistics a WaktuPerdaraha n Mann-Whitney U 22.000 Wilcoxon W 58.000 Z -1.050 Asymp. Sig. 2-tailed .294 Exact Sig. [21-tailed Sig.] .328 b a. Grouping Variable: NamaObat b. Not corrected for ties. Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR PUSTAKA Ahmed, A., et al., 2011. Effect of Natural Honey on Human Platelets and Blood Coagulation Proteins. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 24 3: 389-397. Akhlaghi, M., Bandy, B., 2009. Mechanisms of flavonoid protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology , 46: 309-317. Alvarez-Suarez, J.M., Gasparrini, M., Forbes-Hernández, T.Y., Mazzoni, L., Giampieri, F., 2014. Review: The Composition and Biological Activity of Honey: A Focus on Manuka Honey. Foods, 3: 420-432. 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Antiplatelet Activity of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Is Mediated through a Cyclic GMP-Dependent Pathway in Human Platelets. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 50 3: 121-126. Codex Stan 12-1981. Revised Codex Standard for Honey. Codex Stan 12-1981, Rev. 1 1987, Rev. 2 2001. Diunduh dari: www.codexalimentarius.orginputdownloadstandards310cxs_012e.pdf. [Diakses pada 5 April 2015]. Eteraf-Oskouei, T., Najafi, M., 2013. Traditional and Modern Uses of Natural Honey In Human Diseases: A Review. Iran J Basic Med Sci, 16: 731-742. Farooqui, T., 2009. Honey: An Anti-Aging Remedy to Keep you Healthy in a Natural Way . Diunduh dari: http:www.scienceboard.netcommunityperspectives.228.html. [Diakses pada 23 May 2015]. Farooqui, T., Farooqui, A.A., 2014. Honey for Cardiovascular Disease. Dalam: Boukraa, L., 2014. Honey in Traditional and Modern Medicine. USA: Taylor Francis Group, 187-216. Farrugia, C.A., 1999. The Antiplatelet Activity of Aspirin. The chronic ill, 3: 14-18. Federer, W.Y., 1963. 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Asia: John Wiley Sons, Inc., 728-756. Tripathi, K.D., 2008. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Antipyretic- Analgesics. Dalam: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 6 th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 187-189. WHO, 2007. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Pocket Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Risk: WHOISH Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Charts for the African Region. Diunduh dari: http:www.who.intcardiovascular_diseasesguidelinesPocketGL.ENGLISH. AFR-D-E.rev1.pdf. [Diakses pada 23 April 2015]. WHO, 2012. NCD mortality and morbidity . WHO. Diunduh dari: http:www.who.intghoncdmortality_morbidityen. [Diakses pada 14 April 2015]. WHO-Noncommunicable Diseases NCD Country Profiles, 2014. Indonesia. Diunduh dari: www.who.intnmhcountriesidn_en.pdf. [Diakses pada 24 April 2015]. Universitas Sumatera Utara BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN DEFINISI OPERASIONAL

3.1. Kerangka Konsep Penelitian