Code mixing in Cluc Camilan novel

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i Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2010.

The research is aimed to know code switching and code mixing especially in novel entitled Club Camilan by Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja and Brigitta NS, published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2009. The writer chooses the novel because there are many code mixing cases found in it.

In this research, the writer uses a descriptive analysis method to analyze the types and the function of code mixing in the data which are found in unit analysis. The writer uses technique of descriptive analytic by collecting and analyzing data by using the relevant theories.

The unit analysis in this research is the Club Camilan novel by Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja and Brigitta NS, published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2009. The writer found many dialogs of the main character that indicate code mixing in that novel, but the writer only takes 22 dialogs in chapter “Bolu” as a sample of the research. Being informed with the theories, the writer tries to identify and group the language used by the characters that is considered as code mixing.

The instrument of the research is the writer herself as a main instrument by reading and marking the dialogs. Then the data from the novel are collected and then the writer analyzes it one by one. From dialogs, the writer found 22 code mixing cases and also the writer found seven of ten functions of code mixing. Beside it, the writer found the types of code mixing: there are 21 dialogs identified as metaphorical code switching and 1 dialog identified as situational code mixing.

The result of this research shows that there are many cases of code mixing which are found in literary works, especially novels by Indonesian writer. Besides that, code switching and code mixing used by Indonesian in metropolitan and educated society because of their prestige motive.

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ii A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

the Degree of Strata One

By:

DEWI PUSFITASARI NIM. 105026000970

Approved By:

Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd

Advisor

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA

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iii

The thesis has been defended before the Faculty of Letter and Humanities’ Examination Committee on August 31, 2010. It has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, August 31, 2010

The Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Chair Person) _____________ _______ 19650919 200003 1 002

2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Secretary) _____________ _______ 19640710 199303 1 006

3. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Advisor) _____________ _______ 19640710 199303 1 006

4. Dr. Frans Sayogie M.Pd (Examiner I) _____________ _______ 19700310 200003 1 002

5. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Examiner II) _____________ _______ 19650919 200003 1 002

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another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree institute or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, August 31, 2010

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First of all, the writer would like to thank Allah SWT for all His favor and guidance in completing this thesis. All praises belong to Him, the Creator of living things from being nothing to existence. Many salutation and benediction be unto the noblest of the prophet and messenger, Muhammad SAW.

The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirement for the Strata 1 Degree to The Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters Department State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

In this occasion, the writer would like to express a special thank to her parents, ‘Babeh’ Suhaimi and ‘Nya’ Habiba for giving their financial, spiritual supports, and all the contribution during her study and the process of making this thesis.

Then, the writer would like to thank to her advisor, Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd, for his guidance and contribution in finishing this thesis. The writer would also like to express her deepest gratitude to those who have helped her finishing this paper; DR. H. Abdul Chair, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Humanities, DR. M. Farkhan, M.Pd as the Head of English Letters Department, Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd as the Secretary of English Letters Department, and also to all of the lecturers in English Letters Department whom she cannot mention one by one, for educated her during her study in UIN.

The writer would also thank to her sisters, Firda, and Bunga and also her only Brother Ariel for the supports and love.

Special thank to Adi (May you rest in peace), Asti Nurtasya, Ivon Octaviana, and Nur Hikmah because without them she would not have been straight in this four year. Thanks for giving supports, experiences, and all the joy and fun they have shared together. Thanks to Rina, Uchy and Diaz for understand

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Jakarta, August 31, 2010

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vii

APPROVEMENT... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENT……….……….. vi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Focus of the Study... 3

C. Research Questions ... 4

D. Objective of the Study... 4

E. Significance of the Research... 5

F. Research Methodology ... 5

CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 6

A. Language………… ... 6

B. Bilingualism………... 9

C. Code Switching and Code Mixing ... 13

D. The Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing………. 15

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viii

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 39

A. Conclusions... 39

B. Suggestions. ... 40

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……… 41

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1 A. Background of the Study

Language plays a great part in our life. Perhaps because of its familiarity, we rarely observe it, taking it rather for granted, as we do breathing or walking.1 From that quotation we can conclude that we cannot be separated with language. We need language to communicate so that communication can be happen.

In daily life people interact with each other using one or more than one language. Many communities use two or more varieties of language. The way of people talking is in influenced by the social context in which they are living in every social group who has more than one way of talking than others in the same group. They talk differently in different situation.

Code Switching [is] the use of two or more linguistic varieties in the same conversation or interaction.2 In Indonesia which is multilingual, it is common to hear some people speaking in English and most of people will have no objection to admit since English is an international language. In metropolitan city like Jakarta, it is very common to hear people speak in English although it might be not pronounced in a correct way or sometimes people mix it with Indonesian words.

Leonard Bloomfield, Language, (London: Museum Street, 1950), p.3

2_{Franςois Grosjean,}

Life with two languages, (London: Harvard University Press, 1982), p.145

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People can speak English without paying attention to the grammar. The process of the combination or mixing language happens naturally in our society, people sometimes switch code within domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in the situation such as the arrival of a new person, it is easy to explain the situation switch code.

Crystal D in the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (1987) suggests that code, or language, switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during his/her speech with another bilingual person. A person who is bilingual may be said to be one who is able to communicate, to varying extents, in a second language. This includes those who make irregular use of a second language, are able to use a second language but have not for some time (dormant bilingualism) or those who have considerable skill in a second language. This case happens in Indonesian people who interact with many other people from many countries that live here.

People tend to use code mixing and code switching for many reasons. One of them use code mixing and code switching for prestige. There are some factors influencing someone to switch or mix the codes, particularly the codes used in their oral or written communication. Not only in daily life, the phenomena of code mixing and code switching also happen in Indonesian literary work for example Club Camilan novel written by Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja, Brigitta NS. The main character in this novel use code switching and code mixing which this paper attempts to describe.

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Bhatia and Ritchie said that code-mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence. More specifically, code-mixing is intrasentential and is constrained by grammatical principles. It may also be motivated by social psychological factors.3 The writer founds the code mixing process in this novel motivated by social psychological factors. They use it for prestige, to make people arround know that they can speak english because mostly the English that use in this novel has exact meaning in Bahasa Indonesia and the communican also Indonesian.

Club Camilan is one of literary works in Indonesia, the main character in this novel use code switching and code mixing. Club Camilan is a novel about three girls who lived with their sexual orientation that makes them called lesbian. They have to face the truth that the society can not just receive their sexual orientation. Every relationship they had made with another lesbian must not have a happy ending. People specially their family are against their sexual orientation. This novel uses metropolitan ad educated society as a background of the story which habitually use code mixing in their daily conversation.

B. Focus Of The Study

Bhatia, T. K., & Ritchie, W. C. (2004). Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing. In W. C. Ritchie and T. K. Bhatia (eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism (pp.336-352).

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Focus of this research is the dialog of the characters in chapter “Bolu” in the Club Camilan novel which use code mixing and code switching consist of Bahasa Indonesia and English.

C. Research Question

The research question in this thesis are:

1. What type of code mixing do the characters in chapter Bolu of this novel use?

2. What code mixing functions are found in Club Camilan novel?

D. Objective Of The Study

The objective of this research is to describe the context of the main character in this novel uses code switching and code mixing especially in novel Club Camilan. Besides that, the writer tries to describe the function of the main character in this novel use code switching and code mixing and their types in Club Camilan novel.

E. Significance of the Research

It is hope that the study is to make the reader and writer more comprehend in understanding The main character in this novel use code switching and code mixing especially in this novel.

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1. Method of the Research

This thesis uses descriptive analisis method. Descriptive analysis method is the communicaton of data base without testing the hypotesis.

2. Technique of Data Analysis

The writer uses descriptive analysis technique by exploring sociolinguistic approach which has a relation with code mixing and code switching which is relevant. The data from the novel are compiled and then the writer will analyze them one by one.

3. Instrument of the Research

Because this is qualitative research, the study does not need a test as an instrument to get the data. The main instrument in this research is the writer herself with the relevant theories. The writer tries to identify and group the language which is used by the main character in the novel that is considered as code mixing.

4. Unit of Analysis

Unit of analysis of this thesis is Club Camilan novel by Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja and Brigitta NS, publised by Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2009.

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Multicultural society has their way to communicate from one to other. Multicultural society must be completed by multilingual; therefore they have to choose the language that they use for their daily conversations. As wrote in Florian Coulma’s book that Choosing one language or the elements of language, therefore, invariably carries social meaning. Every choice has a motivation and hence can be explained.1 Based on this statement we can see the social situation that happens in Indonesia lately. Most people who work in the city use different kind of language in people who work in village. That is why Language here could be carries social meaning.

According to Ervin Tripp that in every language society someone who joined in different social situation normally has repertoire such as alternative speech, which can change expending on the situation.2 In a society in which more than one language variety is used someone has to know what kind of language she/he has to use in different condition because her/his language choices are part of the social identity they claim for themselves.

Language choice in bilingual communities has been a favorite topic in recent sociolinguistics work. Most of the sociolinguistics tries to find what to find

Florian Coulmas, Sociolinguistics, The Study Of Speakers’ Choices, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p.109.

François Grosjean Life With Two Language, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), p.127

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what factors that influenced someone to choose the language. According to Ervin Tripp there are four main factors of language choice:

1. The setting of (time and place) situation, such as a family breakfast, a party, a lecture or a date etc.

2. The participants in the interaction, such a sex, age occupation, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, etc.

3. The topic of interaction such as sport, work, politic, economic, etc.

4. The function of the interaction, such as request, thanks, apologies, greeting, etc.3

According to Joshua Fishman there are five domains which can be identified in many communities. They are: family (parent at home), friendship (friend at the beach), religion (priest at the church), education (teacher at school), and employment (employer at workplace).4 In each domain they may be pressure of various kinds, e.g. economy, culture, politic, religion, which influence the bilingual towards use of one language rather than the other.

Domain is clearly a very general concept which draws on three important factors in code choice-participants, setting and topic.5 Typically one language is reserved exclusively for use at home and another is used in the wide community (for example, when shopping).6 For example everyone in the village of Sauris, in northern Italy, spoke German within the family, saurian (a dialect of Italian)

François Grosjean, op. cit, p. 128

Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, (New York: Longman, 1992), p.24

Ibid, p.26

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informally within the village and standard Italian to outsiders and in more formal village settings (school, mosque, work).

From that example the writer concludes that choosing one language depends on setting and situation such as school, home, mosque, and workplace and also the participants of conversation like family members, the villager and outsiders.

François Grosjean is one of the sociolinguists who found the language choice in a bilingual setting involved more than one language. He describes that situation by tree diagram.7

Figure 1 Language and Code Switching

Bilingual speaking

Monolingual Bilingual

Will use will use Bilingual

Choices

L1 L2 L1 L2

With Without With Without code

Code Switching Code Switching Code Switching Code Switching switching

Figure 1 presents a two stage decision process underlying language choice. In the first stage the bilingual decides which base language to use and on the

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second stage if the interlocutor is also bilingual, he or she has decided to switch the language or not.

B. Bilingualism

Generally the definition of a bilingual in someone with equal competence in two languages who excludes attention of the specific groups that give rise to most practical and political concern. Those bilinguals whose limitations in one of their languages (usually the standard but sometimes the mother tongue) lead to the apparent need of educational intervention.8

One of the goals of the study bilingualism is a theoritical model that will account for the bilingual’s unconscious decision to use one language rather than other. People who are bilingual or multilingual do not necessarily have exactly the same abilities in the language in the language (or varieties); in fact that kind of parity may exceptional. 9

In everyday life, the bilingual will go trough her or his daily activities quite unaware of many psychological and sociolinguistic factors that interact in what are probably complex weighted formulas to help choose one language over another. In daily conversation, the bilingual may also borrow words from the other languages and integrate them phonologically and morphologichally into the base language.

According to François Grosjean, bilingual speakers have two mode of using language when they talk to each other. In the bilingual mode they speak

Frederick J.Newmeyer, Language: The Socio-Cultural Context, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 103

Ronald Wardaugh, An Introduction to sociolinguistics, (Massachutes: blackwell, 2002), 4th ed, p.95

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either one language or the other, in the monolingual mode they code switch from one to other during the course of speech.10

There are so many factors influence why some people tend to be a bilingual speaker, bilingual speakers usually explain that the reason they code switches is that they lack facility in one language when talking about particular topic.11 Besides, they tend to switch when they cannot find an appropriate word or expression or when yhe language being used does not have the items or appropriate translation for the vocabulary needed.

Mostly bilingual’s speaker will use their choice of language in order to define the situation, rather than letting the situation define the choice of language.12 In clear cases, we can tell what situation we are in arround; for example, if we are n lecture room full of people, or having breakfast with our family it is easy for us to explain because we are also speak in difference language in that different situations.

In many speech communities two or more varieties of the some language are used by some speakers under different conditions.13 The variety of some language in bilingual community serves a specialized function and is used for particular purposes. This situation is known as ‘diglossia’.

Vivian Cook, Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. (New York:Oxford University Press, 1997), 3rd ed, p.103

François Grosjean, op. cit, p.150

Florian Coulmas, op. cit, p.52

Charles A Ferguson, language in Culture and Society. (New York: Dell Hymes, 1964) p.55

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The term ‘diglosia’ was introduced into english language literature on sociolinguistics by charles ferguson. In the article entitled ‘diglosia’. Ferguson defines about diglosia as follows:

Diglosia is relatively stable language situation in which in addition to the primary dialect of the language, which may include a sandard or regional standard, there is a ver divergent, highly cidified, often gramatically more complex, super posed variety, the vehicle of large and respected body of literature, heir of earlier period or another speech community, which is learnedlargerly by formal education and is used for most written purposes but is not use in any sector of the community for ordinary conversation.14

From that concept, ferguson explains diglossia under nine point as follows:

1. function. Function is the most important in diglossia, the high dialect (H) in some situation is more appropriate than low dialect (L).

2. Prestige. The attitude of speakers in diglossic is typically that H is the superior, more elegant and more logical language.

3. Literary herritage. Literature in H is much admired by the speech communities and they think H is more beautiful and logical.

4. Acquisition,. L is used for everyday communication, whereas H is learned by memorizing rules of grammar, similiar to the way foreign languages are studied in school.

Charlotte Hoffman, An Intreoduction to Bilingualism, (New York: Longman, 1991), p.166

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5. Standarization. H form of the language that is standarized by the usual means of formal codification. Dictionaries, grammars, pronounciation guides and books of rules for correct usage are written for H.

6. Stability. Diglossia is commonly an extremly stable phenomenon and there are many cases that have lasted for centuries.

7. Grammar. H and L be form of the same language, there are conciderable differences in the grammar. The grammar of L is simpler than the grammar of H.

8. Lexicon. In dialosic communities, only H forms is normally written and only the L form is expected in everyday conversation.

9. Phonology. The sound system of H and L constitute a single phonological structure of which the L phonology is the basic system and the divergent feature of H phonologyare either a subsystem or parasystem.15

The most important feature of diglossia is the functional specilizaion of two varieties of the same language. In ferguson’s concept, there are two moderately distinct varieties of the same languages, of which one is called the high dialect (or simply H) and the other the low dialect (or L).16

The high dialect (H), ferguson suggest, typically used for formal speeces and public lectures, news broadcasts, in official documents and written communication, most books and newspaper and in poetry. The low dialect (L) is

Charles A Ferguson op. cit, p.431-437

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used in the informal situations, for purposes such as conversation with friend, family and colleagues in the work place.

C. Code Switching and Code Mixing

Grosjean explains that code-mixing transfers elements of all linguistic levels and units ranging from a lexical item to a sentence, so that it is not always easy to distinguish code-switching from code-mixing.17 We also have to see the process from a lexical item to a sentence, social condition, the communicant and other factor beyond the grammatical of the sentence only.

The term “code-mixing” refer to other related phenomena such as borrowing, interference, transfer, or switching. 18 This quotation strengthens Grosjean theory above. This theory mentions that code mixing related to other phenomena such as switching. So we have to know what code switching is before analyzing code mixing.

Generally code switching is the process when people require selecting a particular code whenever they choose to speak and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or to mix code even within sometimes very short utterance and thereby create a new code.

François Grosjean. Life with two languages. An introduction to Bilingualism, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1982), p. 11.

18_{Mc Claughlin, B.}

Second-language Acquistiion in Childhood. Volume 1: Preschool Children, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum 1984).p 11.

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communicants in the execution of a speech act.19 Gumperz, as stated by Suzanne Romaine defines about code switching as the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems.20

Code mixing is a linguistic process that incorporates material from a second language into a base language, adding morphological markers of the base to introduced elements.21 Code mixing suggest that the speaker should mixed up codes indiscrimatinellyor perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switchers are very well motivatedin relation to the symbolic or social meaning of the two codes.

If a person uses a word or a phrase from another language, he has mixed not switch. But if one clause has the gramatical of one language and the next is constructed according to the grammar of another, a switch has occured.

The purpose of code mixing seems to be symbolizing a somewhat ambigous situation for what for which neither language on its own would be quite right. To get the right effect the speaker balance two languagea against ech other. It means the speaker use a few words ad so on.

Mauriel saville troike in his book gives example of code switching: Berapa panjangnya this side?

[how-many length-the]

Francois Grosjean, op. cit, p.145

Suzzane Romaine, Bilingualism, (UK: Black Publisher, 2000) p.121

Nancy Bounvillain, Language, Culture and Communication, The Meaning Messages, (New Jersey; Prentice Hall, 2003), 4th ed., p.360

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(How long is this side?)22

These example illustrate a variety of code switching pattern which are contains switches within sentence (intra-sential switches) in indonesian-english billingual.

Bhatia and Ritchie said that code-mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence. More specifically, code-mixing is intrasentential and is constrained by grammatical principles. It may also be motivated by social psychological factors.23 The code mixing process not only a word or phrase mix in a sentence but also the mix of morphemes, modifiers clauses and sentence primarily from two different participating grammatical systems in sentence, in this case Bahasa Indonesia and English.

Code switching and code mixing can express a lack of competence in the base language, such as, lexical items, and in this case code switching and code mixingcan compensate for this deficiency. However, as for code switching and mixing can be billingual’s specific code which enables the speakers to express attitudes, intention, roles and to identifiey with a particular group.

D. The Types Of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Mauriel Saville-Troike, The Ethnography of Communication, (UK: Basil Blackwell, 1892), p.66.

Bhatia, T. K., & Ritchie, W. C. Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing:Handbook of Bilingualism (Blackwell Publishing, 2004) p.336-352.

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The types of code switching and code mixing given by Bloom and Gumperz is based on their research in Hemnesberget’s language in Norway. They found two types of code switching and code mixing: situational and metaphorical.

Situational code switching occurs when the language change accompanies a change of topics or participants, or any time the communicative situation is redefined.24 For more explanations here are the examples of situational switching. In a single conversation, an Indonesian english teacher usually speak english to one another when discussing matters related school, for instance but may may switch to bahasa Indonesia to discuss their families or other community activities. They may also situationally switch into english if non-indonesian speakers join the conversation, so the new arrivals will not be excluded.

Mauriel saville troike in his book explains metaphorical code switching occurs when within a single situation, but adds meaning to such componenets as the role relationships which are being expressed.25 In metaphorical code switching a change of topic doesn’t requires in language used.

By switching languages bilinguals often have the option of choosing which group to identify with in a particular situation and thus can convey the metaphorical meaning which goes along with such choice as well as whatever denotative meaning is conveyed by the code itself.

Metaphorical code switching may accomplish distancing as well as solidarity, of course, as when German girl shifts from du to Sie with a boy to indicate the relationship has cooled, or when a wife calls her husband Mr (smith)

Ibid. p. 62

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to indicate her displeasure.26 In other word, code switching and code mixing also uses to show the formal-informal situation or show the relationship situation. As we can see in the example above, du in German language has the same function with anda in Bahasa Indonesia which uses for formal situation and for someone with respect position like the president. The girl uses Sie with the boy which indicates the relationship has cooled.

E. The Function of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Mauriel Saville Troike said that code switching may have a variety of functions within a speech community: group identification, solidarity, distancing and redefinitionof a situation have already been mentioned. Additionally, switching languages may serve in order to soften or strengthen request or command, and saying something twice in different languages to intensify or to eliminate ambiguity. For some people switching may also be used for a humorous effect, or to indicte that a refentially derogatory comment is not to be taken seriously. Switching maybe used for direct quotation and ideological statement. Besides, switching may occur because of real lexical need, for this reason, English speakers who have learned some French, German or Arabic, continue to use such expression as Savoir faire, macht’s michts and ishaallah, respectively, in otherwise English sentences and speaker’s of many other language insert English. One of the potentially useful functions of code switching is to exclude other people within hearing if a comment intended for only a limited audience. In some

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cases code switching functions can be used as a repair strategy when the speakers realize they have been using an inappropriate code.27

The function of these code switching and code mixing strengthen by Hoffman’s theory about the function of code mixing:

1. Talking about a particular topic

People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express their emotional feelings in a language that is not their everyday language.

2. Quoting somebody else

People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-known figures. In Indonesian, those well-well-known figures are mostly from some English-speaking countries. Then, because many of the Indonesian people nowadays are good at English, those famous expressions or sayings can be quoted intact in their original language.

3. Being emphatic about something

Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his native tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he/she, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his first language. Or, on the other hand, there are some cases where people feel more convenient to be emphatic in their second language rather than in their first language.

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4. Interjection (Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)

Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen unintentionally or intentionally.

5. Repetition used for clarification

When a bilingual wants to clarify his/her speech so that it will be understood more by the listener, he/she can sometimes use both of the languages that he masters saying the same utterance (the utterance is said repeatedly).

6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor

When bilingual talks to another bilingual, there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make the content of his/her speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the hearer.

7. Expressing group identity

Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity. As it has been mentioned previously, the way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from other groups. In other words, the way of communication of one community is different from the people who are out of the community.28

In India, code switching and code mixing has a social functions. Speakers who use English in their daily activity are perceived as well educated,

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sophisticated and refined.29 In some country like India, code switching and mixing used for prestige. They use code switching and code mixing to show how educated, sophisticated and refined they are.

Style may also shift situationally with a conversation, perhaps as the addressee shifts from female to male or adult to child or with a shift in topic from personal to work related. Besides, style shifting will refer to change in language variety which involves changing only the code marker, these are variable features which are associated with such social and cultural dimension as age, sex, social class and relationship between speakers.30 This statement explain that the language style also depend on the situation.

Nancy Bounvillain, op. cit, p.361

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The novel Club Camilan tells about three girls who lived with their sexual disorientation that makes them called lesbian. They have to face the truth that the society can not just receive their sexual orientation. Every relationship they had made with another lesbian does not have a happy ending in this novel. People -specially their family- are against their sexual orientation.

This novel uses three parts of story which each of them characterize by three different characters; Bee in part Bolu, Donna in part Donat and Nies in part Brownies. This novel uses metropolitan and educated society as a background of the story which habitually use code switching and code mixing in their daily conversation.

Writer tries to analyze 22 dialogs in chapter Bolu that uses code mixing. According to Fasold’s criterion, if a person uses a word or a phrase from another language while he uses one language he has mixed. But if one language has the grammar of one language and the next is constructed according to the grammar of another, a switch has occurred. The writer also uses Bhatia and Ritchie theory about code-mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence. More specifically, code-mixing is intrasentential and is constrained by grammatical principles. It may also be

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motivated by social psychological factors. Based on that criterion, the tabulated data from the novel are classified into code mixing. The data description consists of the data types and their examples. Here are the dialogs which will be analyzed in this paper:

a) Eve : “Bee, sori, nanti malam aku mesti nemenin Mila. Dia butuh teman, putusnya messy. Kamu ikut aja ya.”

Bee : “OK. Nanti aku temani kamu.” (p.202 Line 8)

b) Tio : “Cowokmu gak hubungin kamu lagi? Ngajak balik misalnya?” Bee : “Nggak tuh pak. Untunglah, karena saya nggak kuat lagi menanggung emotional cost-nya.” (p.204 line 8)

c) Bee : “Eve, kalau aku diculik alien sekarang, kamu juga nggak tau kali, ya?”

Eve : “hah? Apa, honey?” (p.206 Line 3) d) Tio : “ Bee, bisa minum juga kamu.”

Bee : “Nggak kok, pak, Cuma social drinker tadi.” (p. 164 Line 23)

e) Eve : “Aduh, Bee. Aku gak bisa lunch nih. Masih sibuk banget.” Bee : “Ya, nggak apa-apa deh. Kamu kerja aja, aku bisa nelpon Lisa, ngajak dia pergi.” (P. 171 Line 15)

f) Bee : “Masih single kok….”

Bobby : “Gara-gara dia kamu putus sama Rico?” (p.210 Line 9) g) Bee : “Eve, kita putus aja ya...”

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Eve : “Bee, not again… Please deh. Kamu tuh cemburuan banget sih? Norak tau, pacaran seperti ini. Dikit-dikit cemburu!” (P. 211 line 11)

h) Bee : “Oh, nggak kok, Pak. Cuma kaget aja, kok mendadak.” Tio : “Ya, namanya emergency kan nggak bisa diduga…” (p.213 Line 5)

i) Tio : “Saya pikir lesbian-lesbian itu biasanya tomboi. Kamu kan girly girl begini.”

Bee : “Bapak kurang gaul sih. Gaulnya sama lelaki aja” (p.221 Line 20)

j) Bee : “ Dia… bohongin aku… selingkuh,”

Cinthya : “menurut kakak, dia nggak layak buat kamu. Bukan karena dia perempuan, tapi feeling kakak bilang, dia gak cukup baik buat kamu. Dan kakak rasa dia gak pantas kamu tangisi.” (p. 170 Line 24)

k) Mam : “Jadi? Bener pacar baru kamu itu bosmu?”

Bee : “Jawabannya tetep sama mam. Nggak ada apa-apa. At least, belum ada apa-apa. Aku dan Pak Tio cuma ngobrol. Temenan.”(p.223 Line 12)

l) Bee : Eve, aduh, sori ya, aku lupa janjian sama kamu.”

Eve : “Nggak apa-apa, lagi. No biggie. Klo kamu memang sibuk bisa ditunda kok…”

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Rico : “Maafkan aku ya. Tadi aku terlalu mendesak kamu. Take your time. Kalau udah nggak bete, kita hang out lagi ya?” (p.146 Line 17)

n) Eve : “Oke deh. Mwuah. Mwuah, love you, hon.” Bee : “Love you too.” (p. 151 Line 15)

o) Bee : “!!!!!!!!”

Eve : “Maafin aku ya sweety Bee. Nggak seharusnya aku membentak kamu. I’m sorry, Bee.” (p.152 Line 9)

p) Bee : “Ya, pak. Saya lesbian.”

Tio : “Bee, ingat ya, being guy does not define who you are. What is inside you is the most important.”(p.196 Line 31 )

q) Tio : “Happy weekend, Bee.”

Bee : “ Thanks, Pak. Happy weekend too.” (p.209 Line 9) r) Bee : “Iya nih, Pak. Saya punya keponakan pertama. Saya baru

mau menjenguk di rumah sakit.”

Tio : “Congratulations, Bee. Rumah sakit mana?” (p.209 Line 12)

s) Rico : “ why so serious bee? Becandaaa….” Bee : “nggak lucu! (p. 133 Line 20)

t) Bee : “Oke, jam 6 ya.”

Eve : “ Bee, you really are something! Mana ada sih urusan kerja weekend di Bandung?…” (p.213 Line 12)

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Tio : “Your secret is safe with me, Bee,” (p.221 Line 22) v) Bobby : “Bee, hati-hati lho, pacaran sekantor, sama bos, lagi.

Don’t shit where you eat!”

Bee : “I don’t!” (p.223 Line 4) B. Data Analysis

The data above are dialogs that happen in the novel and have been chosen by the writer as the sample of the dialogs which use code mixing. The characters in that dialogs are Bee, Tio, Eve, Rico and Bobby. The writer classified the data into code mixing. Then the writer finds out the types and function of code mixing as follows:

a) Data 1

1. Eve : “Bee, sori, nanti malam aku mesti nemenin Mila. Dia butuh teman, putusnya messy. Kamu ikut aja ya.”

Bee : “OK. Nanti aku temani kamu.” (p.202 Line 8) Analysis:

Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Eve uses word “messy” from English language while she uses Bahasa Indonesia in her dialog.

The code mixing type of data above is metaphorical code mixing because it occurs in a single situation but adds meaning to such componenets as the role relationships which are being expressed. The function of the code mixing above is to eliminate ambiguity because in Bahasa Indonesia messy means morat-marit and it’s unusual to use morat-marit to express this kind of situation.

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b) Data 2

The dialog happens between Bee and Tio

Tio : “Cowokmu gak hubungin kamu lagi? Ngajak balik misalnya?” Bee : “Nggak tuh pak. Untunglah, karena saya nggak kuat lagi menanggung emotional cost-nya.” (p.204 line 8)

Analysis:

Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Bee uses a phrase “emotional cost” from English language while she uses Bahasa Indonesia in her dialog.

This dialog is metaphorical code mixing type because it occurs in a single situation; the second sentence from Bee explains the first sentence she says. The emotional cost here used to eliminate ambiguity because in Bahasa Indonesia there is no exact translation yet about emotional-cost.

c) Data 3

Bee : “Eve, kalau aku diculik alien sekarang, kamu juga nggak tau kali, ya?”

Eve : “hah? Apa, honey?” (p.206 Line 3) Analysis:

Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Eve uses word “honey” from English language while she call Bee in her Indonesian language dialog.

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This dialog is a metaphorical code mixing because it occurs when within a single situation, but adds meaning to such componenets as the role relationships which are being expressed.The function of word “honey” in this dialog is as group identification. The word honey is a call from Eve to Bee in their group.

d) Data 4

Tio : “ Bee, bisa minum juga kamu.”

Bee : “ Nggak kok, pak, Cuma social drinker tadi.” (p. 164 Line 23) Analysis:

Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Bee uses a phrase “social drinker” from English language while she explains the reason of her drink.

This dialog is a metaphorical code mixing type because Bee uses the word “social drinker” to explain the same topic of her first statement. This code mixing uses to Strengthen request to explain the statement if Bee isn’t addicted of alcohol.

e) Data 5

Eve : “Aduh, Bee. Aku gak bisa lunch nih. Masih sibuk banget.”

Bee : “Ya, nggak apa-apa deh. Kamu kerja aja, aku bisa nelpon Lisa, ngajak dia pergi.” (P. 171 Line 15)

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Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Eve uses word “lunch” from English language while she use the grammar of Bahasa indonesia.

This is a metaphorical code mixing dialog because Eve’s dialog has one topic that she can’t go out for lunch. Eve’s uses this code mixing to soften the sentence.

f) Data 6

Bee : “Masih single kok….”

Bobby : “Gara-gara dia kamu putus sama Rico?” (p.210 Line 9) Analysis:

Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Bee uses word “single” from English language while she uses Bahasa Indonesia in her dialog to explain Tio’s status.

Bee uses word “single” to strengthen the point of her statement about Tio’s marital status. The statement only talks about Tio’s status that in this case which call metaphorical code mixing.

g) Data 7

Bee : “Eve, kita putus aja ya...”

Eve : “Bee, not again… Please deh. Kamu tuh cemburuan banget sih? Norak tau, pacaran seperti ini. Dikit-dikit cemburu!” (P. 211 line 11) Analysis:

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Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Eve uses word “please” from English language than continue by word “deh” from Bahasa Indonesia in her dialog.

The code mixing that Eve uses is a metaphorical code mixing because the language doesn’t change the topic. In the first statement Eve complain about Bee’s statement about break up but the second paragraph she upset about the jealously which not make a sense for Eve. The code mixing here uses to redefinition a situation that ever happens before.

h) Data 8

Bee : “Oh, nggak kok, Pak. Cuma kaget aja, kok mendadak.”

Tio : “Ya, namanya emergency kan nggak bisa diduga…” (p.213 Line 5)

Analysis:

Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Eve uses word “emergency” from English language while he uses Bahasa Indonesia in her dialog.

This is a metaphorical code mixing because Tio and Bee is discussing the same topic about the sudden job they have to do. The word “emergency” in this dialog uses to soften the word “darurat” in Bahasa Indonesia.

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Tio : “Saya pikir lesbian-lesbian itu biasanya tomboi. Kamu kan girly girl begini.”

Bee : “Bapak kurang gaul sih. Gaulnya sama lelaki aja” (p.221 Line 20) Analysis:

Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Tio uses a phrase “girly girl” to describe Bee from English language while he tells Bee his opinion about lesbian in Bahasa Indonesia.

This dialog is metaphorical code mixing because “girly girl” function here is to compare the first sentence which said that lesbian usually boyish but Bee looks girly. The function of this code mixing is to strengthen request or command which strengthen the first sentence on this dialog about lesbian that he thought.

j) Data 10

Bee : “ Dia… bohongin aku… selingkuh,”

Cinthya: “menurut kakak, dia nggak layak buat kamu. Bukan karena dia perempuan, tapi feeling kakak bilang, dia gak cukup baik buat kamu. Dan kakak rasa dia gak pantas kamu tangisi.” (p. 170 Line 24)

Analysis:

Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above is using code mixing because Cinthya uses word “feeling” from English language while she uses Bahasa Indonesia on her opinion about Bee’s girl friend.

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This is a metaphorical code mixing where Cinthya tries to explain her feeling about Bee’s girlfriend. The function of this code mixing is to show the informal situation that Cinthya tries to build.

k) Data 11

Mam : “Jadi? Bener pacar baru kamu itu bosmu?”

Bee : “Jawabannya tetep sama mam. Nggak ada apa-apa. At least, belum ada apa-apa. Aku dan Pak Tio Cuma ngobrol. Temenan.”(p.223 Line 12)

Analysis:

Based on Fasold’s criteria about code mixing, the dialog above uses code mixing because Bee uses phrase “at least” from English language while she uses Bahasa Indonesia in her dialog.

This is a metaphorical code mixing because it has one topic, about Bee’s relationship status with her boss. The function of this code as a repair strategy as we can see in the second sentence of Bee’s dialog she says “nggak ada apa-apa”, then she uses “at least” to repair her statement from “nggak ada apa-apa”, to “belum ada apa-apa”.

l) Data 12

Bee : Eve, aduh, sori ya, aku lupa janjian sama kamu.”

Eve : “Nggak apa-apa, lagi. No biggie. Klo kamu memang sibuk bisa ditunda kok…” (p.137 Line 9).

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Analysis:

This is a metaphorical code mixing, because the word “no biggie” used to strengthen request. In this case it strengthen eve’s first statement “nggak apa-apa, lagi” Eve makes sure if that is ok and no need to make the problem bigger than it should be.

m) Data 13

Bee : “ Lagian kamu bukan siapa-siapanya aku!”

Rico : “Maafkan aku ya. Tadi aku terlalu mendesak kamu. Take your time. Kalau udah nggak bete, kita hang out lagi ya?” (p.146 Line 17)

Analysis:

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This dialog is a metaphorical code mixing because it uses to redefine a situation that has already been mentioned. In the first sentence Rico apologize about pushing Bee too much and ask Bee to take her time, after that he ask Bee if she want to go with him again when she fell better. The dialog talks about the same topic, about using time wisely.

n) Data 14

Eve : “Oke deh. Mwuah. Mwuah, love you, hon.” Bee : “Love you too.” (p. 151 Line 15)

Analysis:

This dialog included in metaphorical code mixing because it occurs in the same situation. The function of this code mixing is to strengthen the kiss that Eve’s give as the expression of love.

o) Data 15

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Eve : “Maafin aku ya sweety Bee. Nggak seharusnya aku membentak kamu. I’m sorry, Bee.” (p.152 Line 9)

Analysis:

This is a metaphorical code mixing which talk about the same topic: feeling guilty about something that had been done before. The guilty feeling strengthen by the sorry which shows she regret it.

p) Data 16

Bee : “Ya, pak. Saya lesbian.”

Tio : “Bee, ingat ya, being guy does not define who you are. What is inside you is the most important.”(p.196 Line 31 )

Analysis:

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dialog Tio use Indonesian language then he switch into English language “what is inside you is the most important”.

This is a metaphorical code mixing where Tio in his dialog tries to define what the most important than just a sexual orientation. This code mixing uses to soften the meaning of being someone.

q) Data 17

Tio : “happy weekend, Bee”

Bee : “happy weekend too.”(p.146 Line 17)

This is a metaphorical code mixing where Tio greet Bee in the end of their work time and Bee answers it. Both of them are in the same time and situation after work.

r) Data 18

Bee : “Iya nih, Pak. Saya punya keponakan pertama. Saya baru mau menjenguk di rumah sakit.”

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Analysis:

This is a metaphorical code mixing because it has two sentences it still talk about Bee’s nephew. This code has a function to shows solidarity between friend, not between boss and employer.

s) Data 19

Rico : “why so serious Bee? Becandaaa….” Bee : “nggak lucu! (p. 133 Line 20) Analysis:

This is a code mixing based on Nancy Bounvillain’s book about language that says code mixing is linguistic process that incorporates material from a second language into a base language, adding morphological markers of the base to introduced elements.

This is a metaphorical code mixing because it still in one topic. The function of this code mixing is to give a humorous effect which shows what Rico says not serious.

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t) Data 20

Bee : “Oke, jam 6 ya.”

Eve : “ Bee, you really are something! Mana ada sih urusan kerja weekend di Bandung?…” (p.213 Line 12)

Analysis:

The first sentence of Eve’s dialog talk about how disappointed Eve with Bee’s unacceptable reason and the second sentence explain her reason for disappointed. That is why this dialog included in metaphorical code mixing which has function to strengthen the first command.

u) Data 21

Bee : “Bapak kurang gaul sih. Gaulnya sama lelaki aja” Tio : “Your secret is safe with me, Bee,” (p.221 Line 22) Analysis:

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of his dialog whether basically he speaks Indonesian language as his mother tongue.

The code mixing type of this dialog is situational code mixing because Tio talks about keeping Bee’s secret safe when Bee give humorous effect about his social life. The function of this code mixing is to exclude other people within hearing if a comment intended for only a limited audience, Tio and Bee.

v) Data 22

Bobby : “Bee, hati-hati lho, pacaran sekantor, sama bos, lagi. Don’t shit where you eat!”

Bee : “I don’t!” (p.223 Line 4) Analysis:

Bobby tries to explain the reason of Bee should be careful about her relationship with her boss that is why this dialog included in metaphorical code mixing. The function of this code mixing is as a direct quotation of a warning.

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After analyzing the dialogues, the writer would like to state conclusion about code mixing in Club Camilan novel and the function of code mixing. Writer found most of code mixing that used in this novel are because of social factor that influence the characters which live in metropolitan society inside his novel, for them there is normal to speaks with the other and mix some language with the other. Beside the social factor, code mixing in this novel use for prestige.

Generally code switching is the process when people , then, are usually required to select a particular language whenever they choose to speak and they may also decided to switch from one language to another language or to mix the language even within sometimes very short utterance. There are two types of code switching and code mixing: situational and metaphorical. Situational happens if the switch or the mix of code occur in different topic and metaphorical happens when code switch or mix occur in single topic.

B. Suggestions

After concluding this research, in code mixing all of the data are metaphorical codes mixing. The writer would like to suggest to whom are interested in studying of code switching and code mixing especially in the novel, the reader should understand the types and function of the code switching and code mixing use.

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I also suggest to the readers especially the students of English letter department to study and discuss about code switching and code mixing in order to know that there are many cases of code switching and code mixing of a language in the text literature, one of the example is in this novel, because this cases sometimes confuse us to read and understand it. It is not only in literary works code switching and mixing happens but also in daily life, such as Radio; television, internet and other media of communication.

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Bhatia, T. K., & Ritchie, W. C. (2004), Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing. UK: Blackwell Publishing.

Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja and Brigitta NS. (2009), Club Camilan, Jakarta; Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Ferguson, Charles A. (1964), language in Culture and Society. New York: Dell Hymes.

Fishman, Joshua. (1972), Language in Sociocultural Change. Standford: Standford University Press.

Florian Coulmas. (2005).Sociolinguistics, The Study Of Speakers’ Choices, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Grosjean, François. (1982), Life With Two Language, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hoffman, Charlotte. (1991), An Intreoduction to Bilingualism, New York: Longman.

Holmes, Janet. (1992), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, New York: Longman. Mauriel Saville-Troike. (1892), The Ethnography of Communication, UK: Basil Blackwell.

Muhammad Farkhan. (2006), Penulisan Karya Ilmiah, Jakarta: Cella.

Newmeyer, Frederick J. (1994), Language: The Socio-Cultural Context, New York: Cambridge University Press.

R. A. Hudson, (1996). 2nd edition, Sociolinguistics, Cambridge University Press. Romaine, Suzzane. (2000), Bilingualism, UK: Black Publisher.

Syafi’ie, I. (1981), Diglossia dan Situasi Kebahasaan di Indonesia. Warta Scientia,

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Websites

www.camilansepocikopi.blogspot.com www.wikipedia.com

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Dewi Pusfitasari 105026000970

ENGLISH LETTER DEPARTMENT

THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

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Leonard Bloomfield, Language, (London: Museum Street, 1950), p.3

2_{Franςois Grosjean,}

Life with two languages, (London: Harvard University Press, 1982), p.145

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person. A person who is bilingual may be said to be one who is able to communicate, to varying extents, in a second language. This includes those who make irregular use of a second language, are able to use a second language but have not for some time (dormant bilingualism) or those who have considerable skill in a second language. This case happens in Indonesian people who interact with many other people from many countries that live here.

People tend to use code mixing and code switching for many reasons. One of them use code mixing and code switching for prestige. There are some factors influencing someone to switch or mix the codes, particularly the codes used in their oral or written communication. Not only in daily life, the phenomena of code mixing and code switching also happen in Indonesian literary work for example Club Camilan written by Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja, Brigitta NS. The main character in this novel use code switching and code mixing which this paper attempts to describe.

In the 1940s and the 1950s many scholars called code-switching a sub-standard language usage. Since the 1980s, however, most scholars have

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B. Research Methodology

1. Method of the Research

This thesis uses descriptive analisis method. Descriptive analysis method is the communicaton of data base without testing the hypotesis.

2. Technique of Data Analysis

Goldstein, B. & Kohnert, K, Speech, Language and Hearing in Developing Bilingual Children: Current Findings and Future Directions. (New York: Museum Street, 2005) p.3

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instrument to get the data. The main instrument in this research is the writer herself with the relevant theories. The writer tries to identify and group the language which is used by the main character in the novel that is considered as code mixing.

4. Unit of Analysis

Unit of analysis of this thesis is Club Camilan novel by Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja and Brigitta NS, publised by Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2009.

C. Theoritical framework

Multicultural society has their way to communicate from one to other. Multicultural society must be completed by multilingual; therefore they have to choose the language that they use for their daily conversations. As wrote in Florian Coulma’s book that Choosing one language or the elements of language, therefore, invariably carries social meaning. Every choice has a motivation and hence can be explained.4 Based on this statement we can see the social situation that happens in Indonesia lately. Most people who work in the city use different kind of language in people who work in village. That is why Language here could be carries social meaning.

Florian Coulmas, Sociolinguistics, The Study Of Speakers’ Choices, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p.109.

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another. In daily conversation, the bilingual may also borrow words from the other languages and integrate them phonologically and morphologichally into the base language.

According to François Grosjean, bilingual speakers have two mode of using language when they talk to each other. In the bilingual mode they speak either one language or the other, in the monolingual mode they code switch from one to other during the course of speech.5

Code switching is a very important aspect of billingualism and it has received unbiased attention or researcher. Di Pietro as quoted by Francois Grosjean defins code swithing as the use of more than one language by communicants in the execution of a speech act.6 Gumperz, as stated by Suzanne Romaine defines about code switching as the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems.7

Code mixing is a linguistic process that incorporates material from a second language into a base language, adding morphological markers of the base to introduced elements.8 Code mixing suggest that the speaker should mixed up

Vivian Cook, Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. (New York:Oxford University Press, 1997), 3rd ed, p.103

Francois Grosjean, op. cit, p.145

Suzzane Romaine, Bilingualism, (UK: Black Publisher, 2000) p.121

Nancy Bounvillain, Language, Culture and Communication, The Meaning Messages, (New Jersey; Prentice Hall, 2003), 4th ed., p.360

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The types of code switching and code mixing given by Bloom and Gumperz is based on their research in Hemnesberget’s language in Norway. They found two types of code switching: situational switching and metaphorical switching.

Situational code switching occurs when the language change accompanies a change of topics or participants, or any time the communicative situation is redefined.9 Metaphorical code switching may accomplish distancing as well as solidarity, of course, as when German girl shifts from du to Sie with a boy to indicate the relatinship has cooled, or when a wife calls her husband Mr (smith) to indicate her displeasure.10

Mauriel Saville Troike said that code switching may have a variety of functions within a speech community: group identification, solidarity, distancing and redefinitionof a situation have already been mentioned. Additionally, switching languages may serve in order to soften or strengthen request or command, and saying something twice in different languages to intensify or to eliminate ambiguity. For some people switching may also be used for a humorous effect, or

Ibid, p. 62

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speakers who have learned some French, German or Arabic, continue to use such expression as Savoir faire, macht’s michts and ishaallah, respectively, in otherwise English sentences and speaker’s of many other language insert English. One of the potentially useful functions of code switching is to exclude other people within hearing if a comment intended for only a limited audience. In some cases code switching functions can be used as a repair strategy when the speakers realize they have been using an inappropriate code.11

In India, code switching and code mixing has a social functions. Speakers who use English in their daily activity are perceived as well educated, sophisticated and refined.12 In some country like India, code switching and mixing used for prestige. They use code switching and code mixing to show how educated, sophisticated and refined they are.

D. Research findings

Ibid, p. 69-70

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a) Eve : “Bee, sori, nanti malam aku mesti nemenin Mila. Dia butuh teman, putusnya messy. Kamu ikut aja ya.”

Bee : “OK. Nanti aku temani kamu.” (p.202 Line 8)

b) Tio : “Cowokmu gak hubungin kamu lagi? Ngajak balik misalnya?” Bee : “Nggak tuh pak. Untunglah, karena saya nggak kuat lagi menanggung emotional cost-nya.” (p.204 line 8)

c) Bee : “Eve, kalau aku diculik alien sekarang, kamu juga nggak tau kali, ya?”

Eve : “hah? Apa, honey?” (p.206 Line 3) d) Tio : “ Bee, bisa minum juga kamu.”

Bee : “Nggak kok, pak, Cuma social drinker tadi.” (p. 164 Line 23)

e) Eve : “Aduh, Bee. Aku gak bisa lunch nih. Masih sibuk banget.” Bee : “Ya, nggak apa-apa deh. Kamu kerja aja, aku bisa nelpon Lisa, ngajak dia pergi.” (P. 171 Line 15)

f) Bee : “Masih single kok….”

Bobby : “Gara-gara dia kamu putus sama Rico?” (p.210 Line 9) g) Bee : “Eve, kita putus aja ya...”

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h) Bee : “Oh, nggak kok, Pak. Cuma kaget aja, kok mendadak.” Tio : “Ya, namanya emergency kan nggak bisa diduga…” (p.213 Line 5)

i) Tio : “Saya pikir lesbian-lesbian itu biasanya tomboi. Kamu kan girly girl begini.”

Bee : “Bapak kurang gaul sih. Gaulnya sama lelaki aja” (p.221 Line 20)

j) Bee : “ Dia… bohongin aku… selingkuh,”

k) Mam : “Jadi? Bener pacar baru kamu itu bosmu?”

Bee : “Jawabannya tetep sama mam. Nggak ada apa-apa. At least, belum ada apa-apa. Aku dan Pak Tio cuma ngobrol. Temenan.”(p.223 Line 12)

l) Bee : Eve, aduh, sori ya, aku lupa janjian sama kamu.”

Eve : “Nggak apa-apa, lagi. No biggie. Klo kamu memang sibuk bisa ditunda kok…”

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17)

n) Eve : “Oke deh. Mwuah. Mwuah, love you, hon.” Bee : “Love you too.” (p. 151 Line 15)

o) Bee : “!!!!!!!!”

Eve : “Maafin aku ya sweety Bee. Nggak seharusnya aku membentak kamu. I’m sorry, Bee.” (p.152 Line 9)

p) Bee : “Ya, pak. Saya lesbian.”

Tio : “Bee, ingat ya, being guy does not define who you are. What is inside you is the most important.”(p.196 Line 31 )

q) Tio : “Happy weekend, Bee.”

Bee : “ Thanks, Pak. Happy weekend too.” (p.209 Line 9) r) Bee : “Iya nih, Pak. Saya punya keponakan pertama. Saya baru

mau menjenguk di rumah sakit.”

Tio : “Congratulations, Bee. Rumah sakit mana?” (p.209 Line 12)

s) Rico : “ why so serious bee? Becandaaa….” Bee : “nggak lucu! (p. 133 Line 20)

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u) Bee : “Bapak kurang gaul sih. Gaulnya sama lelaki aja” Tio : “Your secret is safe with me, Bee,” (p.221 Line 22) v) Bobby : “Bee, hati-hati lho, pacaran sekantor, sama bos, lagi.

Don’t shit where you eat!”

Bee : “I don’t!” (p.223 Line 4)

E. Conclusion

After analyzing the dialogues, the writer would like to state conclusion about code mixing in Club Camilan novel and the function of code mixing.

Writer found most of code mixing that used in this novel are because of social factor that influence the characters which live in metropolitan society inside his novel, for them there is normal to speaks with the other and mix some language with the other. Beside the social factor, code mixing in this novel use for prestige.

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Bhatia, T. K., & Ritchie, W. C. (2004), Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing. UK: Blackwell Publishing.

Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja and Brigitta NS. (2009), Club Camilan, Jakarta; Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Ferguson, Charles A. (1964), language in Culture and Society. New York: Dell Hymes.

Fishman, Joshua. (1972), Language in Sociocultural Change. Standford: Standford University Press.

Florian Coulmas. (2005).Sociolinguistics, The Study Of Speakers’ Choices, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Grosjean, François. (1982), Life With Two Language, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hoffman, Charlotte. (1991), An Intreoduction to Bilingualism, New York: Longman.

Holmes, Janet. (1992), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, New York: Longman.

Mauriel Saville-Troike. (1892), The Ethnography of Communication, UK: Basil Blackwell.

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Romaine, Suzzane. (2000), Bilingualism, UK: Black Publisher.

Syafi’ie, I. (1981), Diglossia dan Situasi Kebahasaan di Indonesia. Warta Scientia,

Vivian Cook, (1997). 3rd edition, Second Language Learning and Language Teaching, New York:Oxford University Press.

Wardaugh, Ronald. (2002). 4th edition,An Introduction to sociolinguistics, Massachutes: Blackwell.

Websites

www.camilansepocikopi.blogspot.com

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novel are classified into the type and the function of code mixing. There are 21 metaphorical codes mixing and 1 sitational code mixing. Here are the descriptions of code mixing types in this thesis:

a) Eve : “Bee, sori, nanti malam aku mesti nemenin Mila. Dia butuh teman, putusnya messy. Kamu ikut aja ya.”

Bee : “OK. Nanti aku temani kamu.” (p.202 Line 8)

b) Tio : “Cowokmu gak hubungin kamu lagi? Ngajak balik misalnya?” Bee : “Nggak tuh pak. Untunglah, karena saya nggak kuat lagi menanggung emotional cost-nya.” (p.204 line 8)

c) Bee : “Eve, kalau aku diculik alien sekarang, kamu juga nggak tau kali, ya?”

Eve : “hah? Apa, honey?” (p.206 Line 3)

d) Tio : “ Bee, bisa minum juga kamu.”

Bee : “Nggak kok, pak, Cuma social drinker tadi.” (p. 164 Line 23)

e) Eve : “Aduh, Bee. Aku gak bisa lunch nih. Masih sibuk banget.” Bee : “Ya, nggak apa-apa deh. Kamu kerja aja, aku bisa nelpon Lisa, ngajak dia pergi.” (P. 171 Line 15)

f) Bee : “Masih single kok….”

Bobby : “Gara-gara dia kamu putus sama Rico?” (p.210 Line 9)

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Eve : “Bee, not again… Please deh. Kamu tuh cemburuan banget sih? Norak tau, pacaran seperti ini. Dikit-dikit cemburu!” (P. 211 line 11)

h) Bee : “Oh, nggak kok, Pak. Cuma kaget aja, kok mendadak.” Tio : “Ya, namanya emergency kan nggak bisa diduga…” (p.213 Line 5)

i) Tio : “Saya pikir lesbian-lesbian itu biasanya tomboi. Kamu kan girly girl begini.”

Bee : “Bapak kurang gaul sih. Gaulnya sama lelaki aja” (p.221 Line 20)

j) Bee : “ Dia… bohongin aku… selingkuh,”

Cinthya : “menurut kakak, dia nggak layak buat kamu. Bukan karena dia perempuan, tapi feeling kakak bilang, dia gak cukup baik buat kamu. Dan kakak rasa dia gak pantas kamu tangisi.” (p. 170 Line 24)

k) Mam : “Jadi? Bener pacar baru kamu itu bosmu?”

Bee : “Jawabannya tetep sama mam. Nggak ada apa-apa. At least, belum ada apa-apa. Aku dan Pak Tio cuma ngobrol. Temenan.”(p.223 Line 12)

l) Bee : Eve, aduh, sori ya, aku lupa janjian sama kamu.”

Eve : “Nggak apa-apa, lagi. No biggie. Klo kamu memang sibuk bisa ditunda kok…”

(3)

m) Bee : ”lagian kamu bukan siapa-siapanya aku!”

Rico : “Maafkan aku ya. Tadi aku terlalu mendesak kamu. Take your time. Kalau udah nggak bete, kita hang out lagi ya?” (p.146 Line 17)

n) Eve : “Oke deh. Mwuah. Mwuah, love you, hon.” Bee : “Love you too.” (p. 151 Line 15)

o) Bee : “!!!!!!!!”

Eve : “Maafin aku ya sweety Bee. Nggak seharusnya aku membentak kamu. I’m sorry, Bee.” (p.152 Line 9)

p) Bee : “Ya, pak. Saya lesbian.”

Tio : “Bee, ingat ya, being guy does not define who you are. What is inside you is the most important.”(p.196 Line 31 )

q) Tio : “Happy weekend, Bee.”

Bee : “ Thanks, Pak. Happy weekend too.” (p.209 Line 9)

r) Bee : “Iya nih, Pak. Saya punya keponakan pertama. Saya baru mau menjenguk di rumah sakit.”

Tio : “Congratulations, Bee. Rumah sakit mana?” (p.209 Line 12)

s) Rico : “ why so serious bee? Becandaaa….” Bee : “nggak lucu! (p. 133 Line 20)

(4)

Eve : “ Bee, you really are something! Mana ada sih urusan kerja weekend di Bandung?…” (p.213 Line 12)

u) Bee : “Bapak kurang gaul sih. Gaulnya sama lelaki aja” Tio : “Your secret is safe with me, Bee,” (p.221 Line 22)

v) Bobby : “Bee, hati-hati lho, pacaran sekantor, sama bos, lagi. Don’t shit where you eat!”

Bee : “I don’t!” (p.223 Line 4)

E. Conclusion

After analyzing the dialogues, the writer would like to state conclusion about code mixing in Club Camilan novel and the function of code mixing.

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F. Bibliografi

Bounvillain,Nancy. (2003). 4th edition, Language, Culture and Communication, The Meaning Messages, New Jersey; Prentice Hall.

Bhatia, T. K., & Ritchie, W. C. (2004), Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing. UK: Blackwell Publishing.

Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja and Brigitta NS. (2009), Club Camilan, Jakarta; Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Ferguson, Charles A. (1964), language in Culture and Society. New York: Dell Hymes.

Fishman, Joshua. (1972), Language in Sociocultural Change. Standford: Standford University Press.

Florian Coulmas. (2005).Sociolinguistics, The Study Of Speakers’ Choices, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Grosjean, François. (1982), Life With Two Language, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Hoffman, Charlotte. (1991), An Intreoduction to Bilingualism, New York: Longman.

Holmes, Janet. (1992), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, New York: Longman.

Mauriel Saville-Troike. (1892), The Ethnography of Communication, UK: Basil Blackwell.

(6)

Newmeyer, Frederick J. (1994), Language: The Socio-Cultural Context, New York: Cambridge University Press.

R. A. Hudson, (1996). 2nd edition, Sociolinguistics, Cambridge University Press.

Romaine, Suzzane. (2000), Bilingualism, UK: Black Publisher.

Syafi’ie, I. (1981), Diglossia dan Situasi Kebahasaan di Indonesia. Warta Scientia,

Vivian Cook, (1997). 3rd edition, Second Language Learning and Language Teaching, New York:Oxford University Press.

Wardaugh, Ronald. (2002). 4th edition,An Introduction to sociolinguistics, Massachutes: Blackwell.

Websites

Code mixing in Cluc Camilan novel

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