How long is this side?
22
These example illustrate a variety of code switching pattern which are contains switches within sentence intra-sential switches in indonesian-english
billingual. Bhatia and Ritchie said that code-mixing refers to the mixing of various
linguistic units morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences primarily from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence. More
specifically, code-mixing is intrasentential and is constrained by grammatical principles. It may also be motivated by social psychological factors.
23
The code mixing process not only a word or phrase mix in a sentence but also the mix of
morphemes, modifiers clauses and sentence primarily from two different participating grammatical systems in sentence, in this case Bahasa Indonesia and
English. Code switching and code mixing can express a lack of competence in the
base language, such as, lexical items, and in this case code switching and code mixingcan compensate for this deficiency. However, as for code switching and
mixing can be billingual’s specific code which enables the speakers to express attitudes, intention, roles and to identifiey with a particular group.
D. The Types Of Code Switching and Code Mixing
22
Mauriel Saville-Troike, The Ethnography of Communication, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1892, p.66.
23
Bhatia, T. K., Ritchie, W. C. Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing: Handbook of Bilingualism Blackwell Publishing
, 2004
p.336-352.
The types of code switching and code mixing given by Bloom and Gumperz is based on their research in Hemnesberget’s language in Norway. They
found two types of code switching and code mixing: situational and metaphorical. Situational code switching occurs when the language change accompanies
a change of topics or participants, or any time the communicative situation is redefined.
24
For more explanations here are the examples of situational switching. In a single conversation, an Indonesian english teacher usually speak english to
one another when discussing matters related school, for instance but may may switch to bahasa Indonesia to discuss their families or other community activities.
They may also situationally switch into english if non-indonesian speakers join the conversation, so the new arrivals will not be excluded.
Mauriel saville troike in his book explains metaphorical code switching occurs when within a single situation, but adds meaning to such componenets as
the role relationships which are being expressed.
25
In metaphorical code switching a change of topic doesn’t requires in language used.
By switching languages bilinguals often have the option of choosing which group to identify with in a particular situation and thus can convey the
metaphorical meaning which goes along with such choice as well as whatever denotative meaning is conveyed by the code itself.
Metaphorical code switching may accomplish distancing as well as solidarity, of course, as when German girl shifts from du to Sie with a boy to
indicate the relationship has cooled, or when a wife calls her husband Mr smith
24
Ibid. p. 62
25
Ibid.
to indicate her displeasure.
26
In other word, code switching and code mixing also uses to show the formal-informal situation or show the relationship situation. As
we can see in the example above, du in German language has the same function with anda in Bahasa Indonesia which uses for formal situation and for someone
with respect position like the president. The girl uses Sie with the boy which indicates the relationship has cooled.
E. The Function of Code Switching and Code Mixing
