Code Switching and Code Mixing

used in the informal situations, for purposes such as conversation with friend, family and colleagues in the work place.

C. Code Switching and Code Mixing

Grosjean explains that code-mixing transfers elements of all linguistic levels and units ranging from a lexical item to a sentence, so that it is not always easy to distinguish code-switching from code-mixing. 17 We also have to see the process from a lexical item to a sentence, social condition, the communicant and other factor beyond the grammatical of the sentence only. The term “code-mixing” refer to other related phenomena such as borrowing, interference, transfer, or switching. 18 This quotation strengthens Grosjean theory above. This theory mentions that code mixing related to other phenomena such as switching. So we have to know what code switching is before analyzing code mixing. Generally code switching is the process when people require selecting a particular code whenever they choose to speak and they may also decide to switch from one code to another or to mix code even within sometimes very short utterance and thereby create a new code. Code switching is a very important aspect of billingualism and it has received unbiased attention or researcher. Di Pietro as quoted by Francois Grosjean defins code swithing as the use of more than one language by 17 François Grosjean. Life with two languages. An introduction to Bilingualism, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1982, p. 11. 18 Mc Claughlin, B. Second-language Acquistiion in Childhood. Volume 1: Preschool Children, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum 1984.p 11. communicants in the execution of a speech act. 19 Gumperz, as stated by Suzanne Romaine defines about code switching as the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems. 20 Code mixing is a linguistic process that incorporates material from a second language into a base language, adding morphological markers of the base to introduced elements. 21 Code mixing suggest that the speaker should mixed up codes indiscrimatinellyor perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switchers are very well motivatedin relation to the symbolic or social meaning of the two codes. If a person uses a word or a phrase from another language, he has mixed not switch. But if one clause has the gramatical of one language and the next is constructed according to the grammar of another, a switch has occured. The purpose of code mixing seems to be symbolizing a somewhat ambigous situation for what for which neither language on its own would be quite right. To get the right effect the speaker balance two languagea against ech other. It means the speaker use a few words ad so on. Mauriel saville troike in his book gives example of code switching: Berapa panjangnya this side? [how-many length-the] 19 Francois Grosjean, op. cit, p.145 20 Suzzane Romaine, Bilingualism, UK: Black Publisher, 2000 p.121 21 Nancy Bounvillain, Language, Culture and Communication, The Meaning Messages, New Jersey; Prentice Hall, 2003, 4 th ed., p.360 How long is this side? 22 These example illustrate a variety of code switching pattern which are contains switches within sentence intra-sential switches in indonesian-english billingual. Bhatia and Ritchie said that code-mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and sentences primarily from two participating grammatical systems within a sentence. More specifically, code-mixing is intrasentential and is constrained by grammatical principles. It may also be motivated by social psychological factors. 23 The code mixing process not only a word or phrase mix in a sentence but also the mix of morphemes, modifiers clauses and sentence primarily from two different participating grammatical systems in sentence, in this case Bahasa Indonesia and English. Code switching and code mixing can express a lack of competence in the base language, such as, lexical items, and in this case code switching and code mixingcan compensate for this deficiency. However, as for code switching and mixing can be billingual’s specific code which enables the speakers to express attitudes, intention, roles and to identifiey with a particular group.

D. The Types Of Code Switching and Code Mixing