to indicate her displeasure.
26
In other word, code switching and code mixing also uses to show the formal-informal situation or show the relationship situation. As
we can see in the example above, du in German language has the same function with anda in Bahasa Indonesia which uses for formal situation and for someone
with respect position like the president. The girl uses Sie with the boy which indicates the relationship has cooled.
E. The Function of Code Switching and Code Mixing
Mauriel Saville Troike said that code switching may have a variety of functions within a speech community: group identification, solidarity, distancing
and redefinitionof a situation have already been mentioned. Additionally, switching languages may serve in order to soften or strengthen request or
command, and saying something twice in different languages to intensify or to eliminate ambiguity. For some people switching may also be used for a humorous
effect, or to indicte that a refentially derogatory comment is not to be taken seriously. Switching maybe used for direct quotation and ideological statement.
Besides, switching may occur because of real lexical need, for this reason, English speakers who have learned some French, German or Arabic, continue to use such
expression as Savoir faire, macht’s michts and ishaallah, respectively, in otherwise English sentences and speaker’s of many other language insert English.
One of the potentially useful functions of code switching is to exclude other people within hearing if a comment intended for only a limited audience. In some
26
Ibid, p. 64
cases code switching functions can be used as a repair strategy when the speakers realize they have been using an inappropriate code.
27
The function of these code switching and code mixing strengthen by Hoffman’s theory about the function of code mixing:
1. Talking about a particular topic
People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to
express their emotional feelings in a language that is not their everyday language.
2. Quoting somebody else People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some well-
known figures. In Indonesian, those well-known figures are mostly from some English-speaking countries. Then, because many of the Indonesian people
nowadays are good at English, those famous expressions or sayings can be quoted intact in their original language.
3. Being emphatic about something Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his native
tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, heshe, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his
first language. Or, on the other hand, there are some cases where people feel more convenient to be emphatic in their second language rather than in their
first language.
27
Ibid, p. 69-70
4. Interjection Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual
people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen unintentionally or intentionally.
5. Repetition used for clarification When a bilingual wants to clarify hisher speech so that it will be understood
more by the listener, heshe can sometimes use both of the languages that he masters saying the same utterance the utterance is said repeatedly.
6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor When bilingual talks to another bilingual, there will be lots of code switching
and code mixing occurs. It means to make the content of hisher speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the hearer.
7. Expressing group identity Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity.
As it has been mentioned previously, the way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from other
groups. In other words, the way of communication of one community is different from the people who are out of the community.
28
In India, code switching and code mixing has a social functions. Speakers who use English in their daily activity are perceived as well educated,
28
Hoffman, C. 1991, An Introduction to Bilingualism. New York: Longman. p.116
sophisticated and refined.
29
In some country like India, code switching and mixing used for prestige. They use code switching and code mixing to show how
educated, sophisticated and refined they are.
Style may also shift situationally with a conversation, perhaps as the addressee shifts from female to male or adult to child or with a shift in topic from
personal to work related. Besides, style shifting will refer to change in language variety which involves changing only the code marker, these are variable features
which are associated with such social and cultural dimension as age, sex, social class and relationship between speakers.
30
This statement explain that the language style also depend on the situation.
29
Nancy Bounvillain, op. cit, p.361
30
Mauriel Saville Troike op.cit. p.61
21
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
