every pattern of tense so that they can convert direct speech into reported speech correctly.
2. Pronoun
Another change which someone makes when he or she converts direct speech into reported speech is pronoun. Pronoun changes when the second speaker reports
the first speaker’s speech as in the following example: Ann first speaker: ‘I don’t like party.’
Suzy second speaker: Ann said that she didn’t like party.
Pronoun and possessive adjective normally change from first or second person to third person except when the speaker is reporting his own words Thomson
Martinet, 1980. Examples:
Direct speech: I said, ‘I like my new house.’
Reported speech: I said that I liked my new house. Speaker is reporting his own
words. Direct speech: He said, ‘I have lost my umbrella.’
Reported speech: He said that he had lost his umbrella. Speaker is reporting
someone else’s words.
3. Adverb
There are two adverbs discussed below since they change to agree with the tense of the reporting verb.
Adverb of Time The changes of adverbial time in reported speech can be seen in the table 2.1
Thomson Martinet, 1980. 19
Table 2.1 The Changes of Adverbial Time in Reported Speech Direct Speech
Reported Speech
today now
yesterday the day before yesterday
tomorrow the day after tomorrow
next weekyear etc. last weekyear etc.
that day immediatelythen
the day before the days before
the next daythe following day in two days time
the following weekyear etc. the previous weekyear etc.
Example: Direct speech: He said to me, ‘I have lunch at the cafeteria yesterday.’
Reported speech: He said to me that he had lunch at the cafeteria the day before.’
Adverb of Place In reported speech, the adverb of place here usually becomes there but only
when it is clear what place is meant Thomson Martinet, 1980. Example:
Direct speech: He said, ‘I will be here again tomorrow.’
Reported speech: He said that he would be there again the next day. 4. This and These
When converting direct speech into reported speech, the demonstrative this usually becomes that and the demonstrative these usually becomes those, for
example: Direct speech: He said, ‘She is coming this week.’
Reported speech: He said that she was coming that week. 5. Modal Verbs
Some modal verbs e.g. would, should, could, might, ought, and must usually do not change after past reporting verbs in reported speech Swan, 1995, for example:
20 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Direct speech: He said, ‘It would be nice if I could see you again.’
Reported speech: He said that it would be nice if he could see me again. 6. Modal Auxiliary
Unlike modal verbs, modal auxiliary changes or shifts in reported speech clause because of the tense harmony Celce-Murcia Larsen-Freeman, 1983. Figure 2.3
shows the shifts of modal auxiliary in reported speech Celce-Murcia Larsen- Freeman, 1983.
may
can shall
will must
might possibility could permission
could would future
should ask for advice would
had to
Figure 2.2 The Shifts of Modal Auxiliary in Reported Speech
Example: Direct speech: ‘We must stay here,’ Paula said.
Reported speech: Paula said that we had to stay there. 7. Word Order
When someone quotes or reports the first speaker’s question using reported speech, he or she should notice that the word order of the reported question is
different from that of the original question. Example:
Direct speech: She says to me, ‘What is your name?’ 21
Reported speech: She asks me what my name is. NOT
She asks me what is my name.
8. General Truth
For reporting general truth or something which is still true, there is no need to change the verb whatever the tense of reporting clause is Murphy, 1985.
Examples: Direct speech: Tom said, ‘New York is more lively than London.’
Reported speech: Tom said that New York is more lively than London. The situation has not change that New York is more lively than
London. Direct speech: Mr. Tim said, ‘The sun rises in the East.’
Reported speech: Mr. Tim said that the sun rises in the East.
9. To-Infinitive and That-Clause
To report direct command, request, and advice, the form to-infinitive is used after object as it was discussed in the previous parts of grammatical changes.
Example: Direct command: ‘Be quiet’ Ann said.
Reported command: Ann asked me to be quiet.
Direct request: ‘Will you be my girl?’ Ivan said.
Reported request: Ivan asked me to be his girl.
Another change made when direct speech is converted into reported speech is the use of that-clause form. This is used when the reporting verb of direct speech is
suggest. 22
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