Punctuation Conjunction that Exclamation

Move Move x-----------------------------x-----------------------------x Past Perfect Simple Past Simple Present Past Perfect Continuous Past Continuous Present Continuous Past Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Move Move x-----------------------------x-----------------------------x Past Future Perfect Past Future Simple Future Past Future Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous Figure 2.1 The Tenses Movement in Reported Speech From figure 2.1 above, there is one tense back movement of reported clause Alexander, 1990. The change of tense in the reported speech clause is accomplished by a process called tense harmony. Tense harmony or “back shifting” is the pushing back in time of the tense of the reported speech to agree with the tense of the reporting verb Celce-Murcia Larsen-Freeman, 1983. Examples: Direct speech: He said, ‘I have lost my umbrella.’ Reported speech: He said that he had lost his umbrella. Direct speech: She says, ‘I help my parents at home everyday.’ Reported speech: She says that she helps her parents at home everyday. From the first example above, the reporting clause He said is past tense. By following the rule, therefore, the reported clause changes into past perfect tense he had lost his umbrella. Whereas in the second example, the tense of the reported clause does not change because the reporting clause She says is simple present tense. The important thing, which students must notice in this case, is they have to master 18 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI every pattern of tense so that they can convert direct speech into reported speech correctly.

2. Pronoun

Another change which someone makes when he or she converts direct speech into reported speech is pronoun. Pronoun changes when the second speaker reports the first speaker’s speech as in the following example: Ann first speaker: ‘I don’t like party.’ Suzy second speaker: Ann said that she didn’t like party. Pronoun and possessive adjective normally change from first or second person to third person except when the speaker is reporting his own words Thomson Martinet, 1980. Examples: Direct speech: I said, ‘I like my new house.’ Reported speech: I said that I liked my new house. Speaker is reporting his own words. Direct speech: He said, ‘I have lost my umbrella.’ Reported speech: He said that he had lost his umbrella. Speaker is reporting someone else’s words.

3. Adverb

There are two adverbs discussed below since they change to agree with the tense of the reporting verb.  Adverb of Time The changes of adverbial time in reported speech can be seen in the table 2.1 Thomson Martinet, 1980. 19