d. Classifications of Errors
This study discusses error classifications proposed by Dulay et al. 1982. He classifies errors into four descriptive classifications. They are 1 linguistic category,
2 surface strategy, 3 comparative analysis, and 4 communicative effect Dulay et al., 1982. Those four classifications are discussed further below.
1. Linguistic Category
Linguistic category classifies errors according to either or both the language components or the particular linguistic constituents that influences errors Dulay et
al., 1982. Language components include phonology pronunciation, syntax and morphology grammar, semantics and lexicon meaning and vocabulary, and
discourse style. Constituents include the elements that comprise each language component. The examples of error types based on linguistic category classification
are presented in the table of error types based on linguistic category classification see appendix 3.
2. Surface Strategy
Surface strategy classification deals with the ways the surface structures of the sentences are altered Dulay et al., 1982. This classification has four error types
whose each type is explained further below. Omission
Omission is the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance. There are two types of omission. The first is omission of major content. This type is
characterised by the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance. 25
The second is omission of grammatical morpheme. This type is characterised by the absence of an item that does not contribute much to the meaning of the sentence.
Addition Addition is characterised by the presence of an item which must not appear in a
well-formed utterance. There are three types of addition. The first is double marking. This type is characterised by the presence of two items or more rather than one in a
sentence when only one marker is required. The second is regularization. It is a presence of a marker that should not be added to exceptional items. The third is
simple addition error. It is an addition error which is not a double marking nor a regularization.
Misformation Misformation errors are characterised by the use of the wrong form of the
morpheme or structure Dulay et al., 1982. There are three types of misformation errors. First is regularization. It is a regular marker which is used in place of an
irregular one, as in runned for ran or gooses for geese Dulay et al., 1982. Dulay et al. also call regularization error that falls under the misformation category as
overregularization. Second is archi form. It is the use of one form for the several required. Third is alternating form. This error is characterised by the use of two or
more forms in random alternation even though the language requires the use of each only under certain conditions.
Misordering Misordering errors are characterised by the incorrect placement of a morpheme
or group of morphemes in an utterance. Misordering errors occur systematically for both L2 and L1 learners in constructions that have been acquired, specifically simple
direct and embedded indirect question Dulay et al., 1982. 26
Kategori