CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents two main sub-chapters of discussion. The first is the discussion on the theories related to this study, which is presented in theoretical
description. The second concerns with theoretical framework of the students’ mastery and the errors of reported speech.
A. Theoretical Description
This section starts with the discussion of direct speech, speech which reported speech is converted from. Then this section proceeds to discuss reported speech
including its definition, its punctuation, its types, and its grammatical changes. Finally, this section discusses errors not only the theories but also the types and the
sources.
1. Direct Speech
As reported speech and direct speech are tied together, it is essential to clarify direct speech first in this section.
a. Definition
When, for example, speaker A reports what speaker B has said or speaker B thought using speaker B’s original exact words, speaker A’s report is called direct
speech Swan, 1995. There is repetition of the original speaker’s exact words in direct speech Thomson Martinet, 1980.
9 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
In direct speech, there are two parts namely reporting clause and reported clause. Reported clause begins with the capital letter after reporting clause. It is put between
the quotation marks after coma, for example: John said, ‘The library closes at 8 tonight.’
From this example, the reporting clause is John said and the reported clause is The library closes at 8 tonight. Reporting clause can be placed before reported
clause or after reported clause, for example:
before reported clause: John said, ‘The library closes at 8 tonight.’ after reported clause: ‘The library closes at 8 tonight,’ John said.
b. Punctuation
There are three punctuations of direct speech explained in the following part.
1. Colon
Direct speech uses a colon when there is a name of the speaker in it. It is like in a form of dialogue, for example:
Peter: ‘When do we have a holiday, Dad?’ Mr. Knight: ‘Next week.’
Swan 1995 also says that a colon is used when direct speech is introduced by a name or short phrase as in the text of play or when famous sayings are quoted, for
example:
POLONIUS: ‘What do you need my lord?’ HAMLET: ‘Words, words, words.’
2. Comma
Comma in reported speech is put exactly after reporting clause, for example:
John said, ‘The library closes at 8 tonight.’ If reporting clause follows reported
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clause, comma is put exactly after reported clause, for example: ‘The library closes
at 8 tonight,’ John said. Swan 1995 supports this idea by stating that a comma is
generally used between a reporting expression and a piece of direct speech, for
example: ‘I don’t like this one bit,’ said Julia. 3. Quotation Marks
Typical characteristic of direct speech is the quotation marks. There are two types of quotation marks i.e. single quotation marks ‘…’, which is British English,
and double quotation marks “…”, which is American English Swan, 1995. If there are quotation words inside quotations, double quotation marks are used
inside single quotation marks or single inside double Swan, 1995, for example: Ann
said, ‘Just I was leaving, a voice shouted, “Stop”.’ Double quotation marks are used
inside single quotation marks or vice-versa when there is the title of e.g. a book or a
film Alexander, 1990, for example: ‘How long did it take you to read “War and Peace”?’ I asked.
2. Reported Speech
The following discussion explains further about reported speech taken from some grammar books.
a. Definition
Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said with no quotation marks are used Azar, 1989. In reported speech, the exact
meaning of someone’s speech is used without necessarily using his or her exact words Thomson Martinet, 1980, for example: He said that he had lost his
umbrella. 11
b. Types of Reported Speech
There are six types of reported speech discussed below.
1. Statement
Reported statement is used when someone is 1 reporting a conversation that is still going on, 2 reading a letter and reporting what it is said, 3 reading instructions
and reporting them, and 4 reporting a statement that someone makes very often Thomson Martinet, 1980.
Example: Tom says that he will never get married.
2. Question
Reported question is used when someone is reporting someone else’s question. There are two types of reported speech questions, which are WH-question and
YesNo-question. WH-Question
WH-question of reported clause of reported speech is expressed by WH + subject S + verb V.
Example: Direct question: She says to me, ‘What is your name?’
Reported question: She asks me what my name is.
WH S
V
YesNo-Question The type of yesno-question of reported speech uses conjunction ifwhether.
Ifwhether is used after reporting verbs ask, want to know, wonder, not know, didn’t
saytell me Alexander, 1990. YesNo-question of reported clause of reported
speech is expressed by conjunction C ifwhether + subject S + verb V. 12
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