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3 Context of Learning
Brown 2000: 226 states context of learning refers to the factors in students’ learning, such as teacher and textbook. The teacher or textbook used by
the students may give students incorrect information, which makes the students have false concept of particular forms of language.
4 Communication Strategies
Communication strategies, according to Brown 2000: 227, “were defined and related to learning styles. Learners obviously use production strategies in
order to enhance getting their message across, but at times these techniques can themselves become source of errors.” The example is when a learner says, “Let us
work for the well done of our country.” While it shows a little twist of humor, the sentence had an incorrect approximation of the word welfare.
e. Error Evaluation
Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005 explain that error evaluation is conducted to determine which errors should be given instruction. It includes some steps:
1 Selecting errors which should be evaluated 2 Deciding the criterion where the errors should be judged
3 Preparing the instruments for evaluating errors: a set of instructions, the erroneous sentence or text, and a method to evaluate errors
4 Choosing the judges
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2. Indirect Speech
According to Celce-Murcia and Larsen Freeman 1999, indirect speech is used “when one wishes to report the content of the original source without
necessarily repeating sentences exactly as they were originally uttered” p. 687. Indirect speech is derived from direct speech. Direct speech “refers to reproducing
words exactly as they were originally spoken” Azar, 1993: 273. Direct speech and indirect speech have different form. The main difference is in the way of
writing. According to Azar 1993, direct speech always uses quotation marks. Meanwhile, in indirect speech, there are no quotation marks.
Yule 2004 states indirect speech is introduced by a Quotative Frame. Quotative Frame consists of three parts. They are attributed speakers e.g., he, she,
the boss, my teacher, reporting verb e.g., said, asked, tell, report, and conjunction e.g., that, if, whether. Quotative Frame is also called reporting
clause. The reporting clause then followed by reported clause, which consists of the clause that is reported in the speech. For example:
[1] Smith reports that budget cuts may occur during this recession. Yule, 2004: 688
In example [1], the clause “Smith reports that…” is called reporting clause. The word report is called reporting verb. While the clause “…budget cuts
may occur during this recession” is called reported clause. In the example, the word that is put in the bracket since it is optional. According to Thomson and
Martinet 1986: 254, it is allowed to omit that when the reporting verb is say or
