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Class lecturers and the fourth semester students will be able to learn from the errors they made.
There will be a test to find the students errors. The test takers will be students of Structure IV classes of 20112012 academic year. This limitation is
based on the consideration that students who are taking Structure IV class are the students who had passed Structure III Class, where they had learned about indirect
speech. Shoppers or the students who retake the course are not included in the test since they are assumed to have different level of grammar mastery compared to
the fourth semester students.
D. Objectives of the Study
The research is intended to achieve two main objectives. They are: 1. To find out what kinds of errors in forming indirect speech made by the fourth
semester students of ELESP of Sanata Dharma University. 2. To find out the possible causes of the students’ errors.
E. Benefits of the Study
The findings of the research are expected to give benefits to the Structure Class lecturers and the students of ELESP of Sanata Dharma University.
1. Structure Class Lecturers of ELESP of Sanata Dharma University
This research gives information to the Structure Classes lecturers about the errors made by the students in forming indirect speech. By reading this research, it
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is expected that Structure Class lecturers will be able to improve their teaching in indirect speech, especially in the part where the students still make errors.
2. Students of ELESP of Sanata Dharma University
For the students of ELESP of Sanata Dharma University, the expectation is that this research can improve their learning in indirect speech. By knowing the
common errors in indirect speech, they will find information about the part they should give more attention when they are learning indirect speech in order to
avoid the errors. Furthermore, it is expected that students can enrich their knowledge about indirect speech by reading this research since this research
discusses some theories of indirect speech.
F. Definition of Terms
This part discusses some terms that are used in this research. They are indirect speech, error, and the fourth semester students of ELESP.
1. Indirect Speech
Azar 1993: 275 states indirect speech or reported speech “…refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said.” This research focuses on
errors made by the fourth semester students of ELESP of Sanata Dharma University in forming indirect speech. Since indirect speech can be produced in
oral form and written form, it is specified that indirect speech in this research is the written form of indirect speech.
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2. Error
Norrish 1983 states error is a “systematic deviation, when a learner has not learnt something and consistently gets it wrong” p. 7. He mentions that error
is different from mistake. Error happens consistently, while mistake happens inconsistently. According to Chomsky, as cited by Dulay, Burt, and Krashen
1982, errors are categorized into two types. The first type is called performance error, which is caused by some factors like fatigue or carelessness. The second
type is competence error, which is caused by lack of knowledge. Corder 1967, as cited by Dulay et al., states performance error is called mistake, while
competence error is called error. In this research, Chomsky’s definition of error in which all deviations or
wrong forms produced by the students are categorized as errors is adopted. It means that there is no differentiation between errors and mistakes. It is based on
the reason that the test is only conducted once. Therefore, it is impossible to check whether the errors happen consistently or not.
3. The Fourth Semester Students of ELESP
This research is conducted to find out errors in forming indirect speech among the fourth semester students of ELESP of Sanata Dharma University.
Fourth semester students are students who are in the fourth semester of university. In this case, the fourth semester students are those who entered the university in
20102011 academic year. It means that they are in the second years of their study in ELESP. In the fourth semester, most of the students take Structure IV class,
which is the continuation of Structure I, II, and III classes.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter deals with related literature. It consists of two parts: theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description deals
with the theories relevant to this research. Meanwhile, theoretical framework deals with the relation between the research matters and the theories.
A. Theoretical Description
This research is conducted to find errors in forming indirect speech among the fourth semester students of ELESP at Sanata Dharma University and the
possible causes of the errors. Thus, in this part, the researcher discusses related theories about error analysis and indirect speech.
1. Error Analysis
“Error Analysis EA consists of a set of procedures for identifying, describing and explaining learners’ errors.” Ellis and Barkhuizen, 2005: 51.
Norrish 1983 explains that an EA can be used to find students’ difficulty in mastering a material. By using EA, teachers can objectively assess how their
teaching gives contribution to students. According to Corder 1974, as stated by Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005: 57, there are some steps in conducting error analysis.
They are collecting a sample of learner language, identifying errors, describing errors, explaining errors, and evaluating errors.
