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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter deals with related literature. It consists of two parts: theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description deals
with the theories relevant to this research. Meanwhile, theoretical framework deals with the relation between the research matters and the theories.
A. Theoretical Description
This research is conducted to find errors in forming indirect speech among the fourth semester students of ELESP at Sanata Dharma University and the
possible causes of the errors. Thus, in this part, the researcher discusses related theories about error analysis and indirect speech.
1. Error Analysis
“Error Analysis EA consists of a set of procedures for identifying, describing and explaining learners’ errors.” Ellis and Barkhuizen, 2005: 51.
Norrish 1983 explains that an EA can be used to find students’ difficulty in mastering a material. By using EA, teachers can objectively assess how their
teaching gives contribution to students. According to Corder 1974, as stated by Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005: 57, there are some steps in conducting error analysis.
They are collecting a sample of learner language, identifying errors, describing errors, explaining errors, and evaluating errors.
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a. Collection of a Sample of Learner Language
The function of this step is to provide the data for EA. In this step, determining the factors that may affect the sample of the analysis is needed. The
factors which need to be determined are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Factors Affecting Sample of Analysis Ellis and Barkhuizen, 2005: 58 Factors
Description
A. Learner 1. Proficiency level
2. Other languages 3. Language learning
background Elementary, intermediate, or advanced
The learners’ L1, other L2s Instructed, naturalistic, mixed
B. Language 1 Medium
2 Genre 3 Content
Oral or written Conversation, narrative, essay, etc
The topic of the discourse C. Production
1 Unplanned 2 Planned
The discourse is produced spontaneously The discourse is produced after planning or
under condition that allow for careful online planning.
b. Identification of Errors
Identification of errors is a process in which the learners’ production and what native speakers in the same level will produce are compared in the same
context. The procedures in identifying errors according to Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005 are:
1 Preparing reconstruction of the sample as the native speaker in the same level would produce.
2 Assuming that every sentence produced by the learners is erroneous and eliminating those which are well formed.
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