Analyzing the Data Research Procedure

37 changed from present perfect into past perfect. However, some students formed the indirect speech without changing the tenses in the reported clause. They still kept the form of verb have as it was in the direct statement. However, the word have should be changed into had. Besides error in the tense, error in the use of pronoun can also be found in example [13]. It is shown that students did not change the pronoun you. The pronoun you in example [13] should be changed into her since it was assumed that I, as the reporter, reported what she talked to you to someone else, which made the reporter should mention you in the indirect speech as her. In surface structure taxonomy, both the error in the tense and the pronoun shown in example [13] could be categorized as misformation error. The tense error was called misformation because the students used the wrong form of tense. They used present perfect tense instead of past perfect tense. While, the error in pronoun was also called as misformation error because there was a wrong usage of pronoun, in which the students used you instead of her. Another form of error made by the students in forming indirect statement was error in conjunction, which was found in example [14]. [14] a. Direct Speech  Mr. Garner told the children, “There are seven days in one week.” b. Indirect Speech  Mr. Garner told the children that there are seven days in one week. c. Students’ Answer  Mr. Garner told the children if there are 7 days in one week. 38 Example [14] clearly shows that the errors happened in the use of if instead of that as the conjunction in indirect statement. This error could be categorized as misformation, because there was an existence of conjunction but the form was incorrect. Conjunction if should not be used as conjunction in indirect statement, because it was commonly used as conjunction in indirect yes- no question, which means apakah. The use of if made the meaning of the sentence ambiguous, whether it expressed statement or yes-no question. Besides errors in the tense, pronoun, and conjunction, errors of demonstrative and adverb of time also happened in forming indirect speech. The errors are shown in example [15]. [15] a. Direct Speech  Michael said, “I had seen these girls three days ago.” b. Indirect Speech  Michael said that he had seen those girls three days before. c. Incorrect Answer  Michael said that he had seen these girls three days ago. In example [15], the error in demonstrative is shown on the use of these instead of those. Additionally, the adverb error was found on the use of three days ago instead of three days before. Since the reporting verb was in the form of past, it was assumed that the adverb and the demonstrative should be changed. The adverb three days ago should be changed into three days before. While, the demonstrative these should be changed into those. In fact, some students formed the indirect speech without changing the demonstrative and the adverb. Those two kinds of errors in example [15] could be categorized as misformation errors. They