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a. Collection of a Sample of Learner Language
The function of this step is to provide the data for EA. In this step, determining the factors that may affect the sample of the analysis is needed. The
factors which need to be determined are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Factors Affecting Sample of Analysis Ellis and Barkhuizen, 2005: 58 Factors
Description
A. Learner 1. Proficiency level
2. Other languages 3. Language learning
background Elementary, intermediate, or advanced
The learners’ L1, other L2s Instructed, naturalistic, mixed
B. Language 1 Medium
2 Genre 3 Content
Oral or written Conversation, narrative, essay, etc
The topic of the discourse C. Production
1 Unplanned 2 Planned
The discourse is produced spontaneously The discourse is produced after planning or
under condition that allow for careful online planning.
b. Identification of Errors
Identification of errors is a process in which the learners’ production and what native speakers in the same level will produce are compared in the same
context. The procedures in identifying errors according to Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005 are:
1 Preparing reconstruction of the sample as the native speaker in the same level would produce.
2 Assuming that every sentence produced by the learners is erroneous and eliminating those which are well formed.
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3 Identifying the difference between what learners produced with the reconstructed version.
c. Description of Errors
This step deals with the identification of how the forms produced by the learners are different from the forms produced by native speakers in the same
level. There are two steps in describing errors according to Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005, which are describing the categories for coding the errors which have been
identified and documenting the frequency of the errors in each category. According to James 1998, as cited by Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005, in
categorizing errors, two kinds of taxonomy can be used. They are linguistic taxonomy and surface structure taxonomy. In linguistic taxonomy, errors can be
categorized based on the descriptive grammar of the target language. Meanwhile, according to Dulay, Burt, and Krashen as cited by Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005:
61, errors in surface structure taxonomy are divided into four categories. They are omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.
1 Omission
Dulay et al. 1982: 154 state “Omission errors are characterized by the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance.” The example is
shown in the omission of some words in Mary president new company which should be Mary is the president of the new company.
2 Addition
According to Dulay et al. 1982: 156, the character of addition errors is the existence of an item that should not exist in a well-formed utterance, for
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