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a. Identifying Goals, Selecting the Topics, and Listing the General Purposes
Goals mean what the students achieve from their learning. The goals may be derived from three sources; they are society, students, and subject areas.
Society means a social value, responsibility, selecting personal objectives. Students mean job preparedness, problem-solving skills, and constructive use of
leisure time. Subject areas mean be aware of beauty and orderliness, ability to communicate.
Kemp 1977:16 says that “the designer’s main contribution is to clarify the statements of purpose with the teacher an help the teacher translate them into
detailed behavioral terms for which learning experiences can be planned.”
b. Specifying Learner Characteristics
It is important to know the learner characteristics to develop the material. The factors that are important are academic factors and social factors. Academic
factors can be numbers of the students, academic background, grade-point average, level of intelligence, scores on standardized achievement and aptitude
test, etc. While, social factors can be age, maturity, attention span, special talents, physical and emotional handicaps, relation among students, and socioeconomic
situation. Moreover, the learning condition and learning styles are also important to
be known. Kemp 1977:19 says it “refers to the group of factors that can affect a person’s ability to concentrate, absorb, and retain information.” While, learning
style is how the students learn or the way the students learn, such as, using mapping, verbal listening or reading, etc.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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c. Specifying the Learning Objectives
The next step is specifying learning objectives. It is called learning objectives because the concern is with the learning as the outcome of instruction.
Learning requires active effort by the learner. All objectives must be stated in terms of activities that will be best promote learning.
The categories of objectives can be groups into three groups; cognitive, psychomotor, and affective. In specifying the learner objectives, the designer
stating measurable objective that is known specifically what it is that will be taught and later can determine whether it have been accomplished or not.
d. Listing the Subject Content to Support the Learner Objectives
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