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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES
A. Theoritical Description
This chapter reviews some related theories and studies upon which the hypothesis of this study has been built. The discussion of this chapter
is divided into three main parts: theoretical description, conceptual framework, and hypothesis.
1. Writing
a. Definition of Writing
Writing is the process of arranging words to sentences or paragraphs which are meaningful. The sentences or the paragraphs are the
result of someone’s ideas and thought, their feeling and sometimes their opinion that they want to convey for the readers. It can be a message or
medium for communication to other people. Chesla 2002:2 stated that writing is the way a writer expresses his ideas about a subject to an
audience for a purpose. Similarly, Byrne, Hedge and Tribble in Mc Donough and Shaw 2003:161 argue that writing is a process of putting
message into words. In foreign language learning, writing is a process where the foreign learners try to explore their ideas.Writingis also the way
to check the foreign language learner whether they have mastered one of the skills of foreign language or not. Murcia 2001:205 stated that writing
is the ability to express one’s ideas in writing as second or foreign
language and to do so with reasonable and accuracy is a major achievement.
Osima and Hogue 2006:205 agree that writing is a process. They propose that a writing process is divided into four stages. The first is
prewriting: choosing topic and collecting information. The second is outlining that means organizing ideas into an outline. The third is writing a
rough draft, in this stage writers follow the outline and ignore the grammar, punctuation or spelling. The fourth stage is polishing or revising
or editing. Writing is also one of the productive skill, it means that it involves
producing language rather than receiving it. In writing, students have to develop their ability by trying to write and expressing their ideas in the
paper. However, writing is also a complexity subject that many students get difficulty in it. Richard Renandya 2002:303 state that writing is the
most difficult skill for second language learners. The difficulty lies not only in generating and organizing ideas but also in translating these ideas
into a readable text. The skills that are involved in writing are highly complex, second language writers have to pay attention to their skill of
planning and organizing as well as their skill of spelling and giving punctuation.
In addition, Brown 2000:335 states that writing is a written product of thinking, drafting, and revising that require specialized skills on
how to generate ideas, how to put them coherently, how to use discourse
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