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c. ComparisonContrast
In the comparisoncontrast pattern, the writers main idea is a general statement about two things and how they are similar andor different. A
comparison can include both similarities and differences, or only the similarities. A contrast states only differences.
1 Key wordsphrases in the main idea: similarities, differences, both, in
common, same, different, compare, comparison. 2
Signal wordsphrases for similarities: similarly, also, in the same way, as, like, both, in common.
3 Signal wordsphrases for differences: however, but, on the other hand,
although, while, in contrast, than, conversely, yet, unlike.
d. CauseEffect
In this pattern, the writers main idea is that one event or action caused another event or action.
1 Key wordsphrases in the main idea and the signal words for details are the
same and often include: causes, leads to, is the cause of results in, creates, brings about, makes, provokes, produces, gives rise to, contributes to, is
due to, is the result of, comes from, results from, is produced by, is a consequence of, follows, is caused by.
e. ProblemSolution
In this pattern, the main idea names a problem and indicates that one or more solutions. The paragraph always consists of two parts: 1 a statement and 2 a
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description and explanation of how it was solved. There are often no signal words for the details.
1 Key wordsphrases in the main idea: situation, trouble, crisis, dilemma or
issue. 2
In the body of the paragraph, key words include: solve, solution, resolved.
f. Extended Definition
In this pattern, the writer names a concept or complicated process that the paragraph will define and explain. Usually, the main idea or first sentence of the
paragraph states a dictionary definition of the concept or process, followed by a description andor an explanation. There are usually no signal words for the
details. 1
Key wordsphrases in the main idea: consists of, is, seems to be, are.
B. Conceptual Framework
One of the objectives of teaching English in SMP is enabling the students to access knowledge through English reading. Nowadays, most of the presented
information and news are in printed form. Therefore, the students have to read English texts well so they absorb the information through reading them.
The English teacher of SMP Muhammadiyah 8 especially grade IX found out that the students had difficulties in answering some questions related to the text
even they did not understand what the text was talking about. This problem happened because they had low vocabulary mastery. They were lazy to check the
difficult words in the dictionary. In addition, the teaching strategy that was used in the classroom tend to be monotonous. In the reading lesson, they were often asked
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