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F. Definition of Terms
The following explanations might help readers to comprehend the contents of this study:
1. Grice’s Cooperative Principles Grice 1989 believes that there is a set of rules with the aim of guiding the
conduct of conversation. These rules have functions as guidelines for efficient and effective use of language and they are namely as maxims of conversation. There
are four basic maxims of conversation , which express a general cooperative
principle CP altogether. The maxims are: a.
The maxim of Quality: try to make your contribution one that is true, specifically: 1 do not say what you believe to be false 2 do not say that for
which you lack adequate evidence b.
The maxim of Quantity: 1 make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange 2 do not make your
contribution more informative than is required c.
The maxim of Relevance: make your contribution relevant d.
The maxim of Manner: be perspicuous, and specifically, 1 avoid obscurity, 2 avoid ambiguity, 3 be brief, 4 be orderly. Grice 1989:26-27
2. Breaking Maxims In this study, any failing to obey maxims is called ‘breaking maxims’
Dornerus, 2005; Alvaro, 2011. The five categories of breaking maxims are Flouting, Violating, Opting Out, Infringing, and Suspending. Usually, when
10 someone is breaking a maxim, she or he wants to avoid discomforts or to create
humorous situations.
3. Verbal Humor
Verbal humor in this study refers to humor that exists in a conversation or in a script of play, and it is expressed verbally Attardo, 1994; Chiaro, 2006;
Dynel, 2009; Schwarz, 2010.
4. Ideal Translation
Larson 1984 shows the way to test translations by using three characteristics of an ideal translation. They are:
- Accurate A : reproducing the same meaning and maintaining the message of conversation from SL to TL.
- Natural N : using natural expressions with appropriate kind of texts occurs in
TL. - Clear C
: expressing all aspects in acceptable forms and clear meanings, so that it is understandable for TL audiences.
5. Sitcom Friends
According to Berger 1992:71-72, sitcoms usually focus on the dialogue, different topic in every episode, and there are only few setting movements and
mostly taking place indoors.
11 Friends is a well-known sitcom in America. There are six main characters
in this sitcom; Monica Geller and Ross Geller, Rachel Green, Chandler Bing, Phoebe Buffay, and Joey Tribbiani. They live in New York and face chaotic
problems, which are interesting to follow. This sitcom aired in 1994 until 2004.
6. Subtitle A clear definition of translation is stated by Newmark 1987. He says that
“translation is an activity of replacing a written text in one language, source language SL, without changing the message into another language, target
language TL”. Hatim and Munday 2004 explain that there are two processes of
translating audiovisual materials, namely dubbing and subtitling. In this study, the researcher wanted to see the translation of the conversations through the result of
subtitling called subtitles. According to Orero 2004, “subtitles are spotted to coincide with the precise frame where a speaker begins and finishes talking, with
the occasional adjustment of a few frames to respect a film’s takes or allow more reading time, take change permitting.” p.13.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Kategori