48 categorizing the data into defining or non-defining relative clauses, there were
criteria I employed as shown below.
1. The Criteria of Defining Relative Clause
For a clause to be classified as a defining relative clause, here are the criteria as stated by Yule 2004: The first is defining. Defining here means that
the relative clause restricts the meaning of the antecedent and makes it clearer to the readers. The second is by providing necessary information. The information
inside the relative clause is important because without the information, the readers will not understand what is being talked. The third is no separation
markers. The separation markers such as comma, dash or hyphen is not allowed because with the appearance of the separation markers, the meaning of the
relative clauses will be different. The fourth is not usually after a proper noun. The proper noun considers that the noun is already known before. Therefore if
the proper noun appears, the information will be unnecessary. The fifth is not with the quantity expressions. If there is a relative clause which contains a
quantity expression, the relative clause will be considered as non-defining. The sixth is initial that and Ø zero relative. In the defining relative clauses, the
relative pronoun can be ignored if and only if the relative clauses fulfill the criteria to be omitted. Moreover, relative pronoun that is only used in defining
relative clauses. In dealing with the defining relative clauses, I matched all relative clauses
in the articles I had collected from the features columns in the JP with the criteria above. Hence, every relative clause which matched to those criteria was defined
49 as a defining relative clause. The table below shows two examples of how the
relative clauses have matched with the criteria.
Table 4.1: Defining Relative Clauses in the Features Columns in the JP
In the first example, the relative clause who made safe cosmetics and cleansers for their families or themselves matched the criteria of defining
relative clause. The information in the relative clause was necessary to restrict the meaning of the antecedent, students, not only to serve as additional information.
The restricted attribute would lead the readers to be familiar with the antecedent. On the other words, the readers would not get confused about which students did
the writer mean, because they knew that the students were those who made safe cosmetics and cleansers for their families or themselves. There were no separation
markers, such as comma or dash to separate the relative clause from the antecedent and again this asserted the defining characteristic. The antecedent did
not appear in the form of a proper noun but in the form of a common noun. From PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
50 the example, we could also analyze that the relative clause did not contain the
quantity expression. From the second example, through the appearance of zero relative Ø, the relative clause
they couldn’t get by themselves is automatically
defining. Besides that, the information which was brought by the relative clause was important for readers to define the antecedent, ingredients. The antecedent
was a common noun and there was no separation marker between the antecedent in the main clause and the relative clause. The following article is the example of
the article for the defining relative clause in the features columns in the JP.
Figure 2: The example of an article containing defining relative clause
51 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
52
2. The Criteria of Non-Defining Relative Clause
