40 analyze the data in this research, I needed the information that had been recorded
before or had been written before. To understand the meaning of content analysis, I provided some definitions from the experts. Hsieh and Shannon 2005 state that
content analysis was “ a research method for the subjective interpretation of the content of text data through the systematic classification process of coding and
identifying t hemes or patterns” p.1278. Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen 2010 define
content analysis as a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purpose of identifying specified characteristics of the materials. Furthermore, Ary
et al 2010 state that the recorded materials can emerge in the form of public records, textbooks, letters, films, diaries, themes, reports or other documents
p.29. Almost the same definition came from Fraenkel, Wallen, and Hyun 2015 which state that “content analysis is a technique that enables researchers to study
human behavior in an indirect way, through an analysis of their communication, p. 476”. The information can be in the form of textbooks, essays, newspapers,
novels, magazine articles, cookbooks, songs, political speeches, advertisements, or pictures. The content analysis of this research was in the form of text
documents which were implemented in the features columns in the JP. I used these documents to analyze the relative clauses in order to obtain the objectives of
this research.
B. Research Setting
In the research setting, I presented the duration of time and place in conducting the research. The analysis of the relative clauses was done from
41 November 2015 until February 2016. In that time, I analyzed the collected relative
clause data which appeared in the features columns in the JP. In relation to the location of doing the analysis, I did the analysis of the research in Yogyakarta.
C. Data Source
In this research, the JP was the source for my research. The data were only confined in the features columns on pages twenty one and twenty two in the JP,
with one exceptional for date 22 which appeared on page three. Besides, November 22 was the only Sunday in the month where the features articles were
published. The data that had been chosen were all sentences which included the relative clauses especially relative clauses that contained the all relative pronouns
that had been mentioned in chapter two. Any other sentences which were not considered as relative clauses related to the analysis were not discussed.
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
In conducting this study, I had instruments in the form of data in the features columns in the JP and the observation tables. The data were classified as
a means to be analyzed. The data which were analyzed were only those which related to the topic. The aim of the data was to find and list all of the relative
clauses in the features columns in the JP which would be analyzed in the study. After getting the data instrument, I provided the data gathering technique.
The tool for gathering the data in this research was content analysis in the form of the articles in the features columns in the JP. Data gathering technique also
42 provided the information about how I had collected the data. In gathering the data,
first, I would find all of the relative clauses which appeared in the features columns on page twenty one and twenty two in the JP, except for November 22
which appeared on page three. In collecting the data, at least I collected one article containing relative clause every day. Second, I listed all the relative clauses
which had been found into the classification whether they were defining or non- defining relative clauses. Third, after listing the kinds of the relative clauses, I
classified the functions of the relative clauses whether they functioned to modify a subject, an object, a complement or an object of the preposition. Fourth, I
classified the functions of the relative pronouns in the sentences. Every sentence that included the relative clause which related to the analysis must be listed
without exception. Crotty 1998 states that “data collection and analysis technique is the techniques or procedures to gather and analyze data related to
some research questions or hypotheses”.
Table 3.1. Relative Clauses relative clauses are in bold
No. Relative clause
Kinds Function
1 Another
thing that
Rhodes expects from chefs in the Far
East is to never lose their unique by copying their idols shown on
today’s culinary reality show. Defining
Modifying subject
2 In 1987, she interviewed Benazir
Bhuto, who bacame Pakistan 11
th
prime minister
the following year.
Non-defining
Modifying object
43 As seen in table 3.1 above, there were two examples of the relative clauses
and the functions. The first relative clause appeared in the first example was that Rhodes expects from chefs in the Far East. It was a defining relative clause
which functioned to modify the subject of the main clause, another thing. While
for the second example, the relative clause was who became Pakistan 11
th
prime minister the following year. It was a non-defining relative clause which
functioned to modify the object, Benazir Bhuto.
Table 3.2. Relative pronouns
No Relative Pronoun
Personalnon personal Function
1 That
Non-personal As an object within the
relative clause. 2
Who Personal
As a subject within the relative clause.
In table 3.2 above, we could see that the relative pronoun for the first
relative clause was that which functioned as the object in the relative clause construction while the second relative clause had who as the relative pronoun
which functioned as the subject in the relative clause.
E. Data Analysis Technique
