Language by equivalent textual material in another language target language.
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Meanwhile, according to Larson translated it means:
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a. study the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and
cultural context of the source language text. b.
analyzing the source language text to discover its meaning. c.
reveals again the same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structures appropriate in the target language and cultural context.
It was clear from the above definition that the translation is not just a synonym for the word, but the message or the message is in the original text
should be maintained wherever possible. Integrity of the text, style and intention of the authors text should remain visible.
1. Translation Method
Newmark divided into eight translation methods, as follows.
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1. Translating word for word word for word translation. The wording
retained in the source text and translated word for word one by one to the most common meaning out of context.
2. Literal translation literal translation. Grammatical composition of the
source language is replaced by the nearest equivalent in the target language, but elements of lexical translated one by one out of context.
21
J.C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, London: Oxford University Press, 1965, p.20
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Mildred L. Larson, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence USA: University Press of America: 1984, p.3
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Peter Newmark, 1988,op.cit.P.45
3. The exact translation faithful translation. This translation method
produces the exact contextual meaning to the original in the target language grammatical structure.
4. Translation semantics semantic translation. Almost similar to the third
method, only in this translation the beauty and fairness of value and meaning contained in the source language more attention. Through this
method of translators can freely express their skills. 5.
Adaptation adaptation. This is a way of drama and poetry translation. Within this translation themes, actors and the story kept. But the term
culture in the source language is replaced with its equivalent in the target language.
6. Translation free free translation. Here the content and form are
preferred. The results of this method is usually longer than the original text.
7. Idiomatic translation idiomatic translation. In the original text messages
sought to be conveyed, but no trend to change it into the language and phrase that are used everyday in the target language.
8. Communicative Translation communicative translation. Contextual
meaning of the source text is translated in such a way that both the content and language can be accepted and understood by the reader.
2. Implicit Meaning Translation
Larson suggests one of the greatest challenges facing a translator is to know when the meaning should be made explicit or implicit still be implicit in the
translation. In a text, there is meaning conveyed openly explicitly but there is also implicit. The implicit meaning must be submitted well in translation because
of the implicit meaning is part of the text so that the meaning must not be abandoned.
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In translation, according to Larson implicit meaning can be left implicit but can also be made explicit if deemed necessary or there are other
considerations. A good translator must be able to know when the implicit meaning must be translated explicitly and when to remain implicit translated. Translation
implicit meaning may only be made explicit if required delivery or precise meaning to get a reasonable shape in the translation.
The translation of English implicit meaning into Indonesian can be done explicitly or implicitly with consideration of making the translation clear and
understandable. The translation of English implicit meaning should also pay close attention to aspects of culture, gesture, contextual perspective and relationship
between agents. The translation of English implicit referential meaning into Indonesian can
be done explicitly or implicitly by paying attention on the references. Implicit referential meaning has three kinds of references, namely personal reference,
demonstrative reference and comparative reference. An explicit translation should
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Mildred L. Larson 1984,op.cit.P.42
be put into consideration if an implicit translation will make the translation of references unclear and ambiguous. An implicit translation can be done if the
entailment of references, either anaphoricly or cataphoricly, is clear and understandable without causing ambiguity and without sacrificing the unity of
meaning. The translation of English implicit organizational meaning into Indonesian
can be done explicitly or implicitly by paying attention on the grammatical relationship between one sentence to another. There are three kinds of implicit
organizational meaning, namely ellipsis sentence, passive sentence and substitution word. An explicit translation should be put into consideration if an
implicit translation will make the translation of implicit organizational meaning unclear and not understandable. An implicit translation can be done if the
grammatical entailment is clear and understandable between one sentence to another without causing ambiguity and without sacrificing the unity of meaning
and also if the target language has grammatical patterns which allows implicit meaning to be translated implicitly.
The translation of English implicit situational meaning into Indonesian must pay attention on aspects such as culture, gesture, contextual perspective and
relationship between agents because implicit situational meaning is closely related to situation and context of the origin, culture and flow of the source language
when it is used.
3. Equivalence in Translation
