Types of Grammatical Interference

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2. Types of Grammatical Interference

Weinreich as quoted by Heine, distinguished three types of grammatical interference, namely: a “Interference relates to transfer of morphemes from the source language to the recipient language.” 24 This interference occurs because the transfer of morphemes or words of the source language into the target language usage, for example, An American Yiddish says not he but I which has been transferred from his source language nit er b Λ t ix. 25 It should be not him but I. The morpheme he in the source language belongs to subject or object, but in the target language English it is only used as a subject and never be an object. b “Interference relates to the grammatical relations, in particular word order.” 26 This kind of interference is an application of the source language structure Ls into the target language Lt. Weinreich, as quoted by Heine, prefer to call the terms “source and recipient” language as “model and replica” language. 27 This interference occurs in the term of syntax, in particular word order. This type of interference is the most common interference in bilingual speech. A sentence in English, I and my friend told that story to my father as a translation of Aku dan temanku menyampaikan cerita itu kepada ayah. In the sentence appeared the use of Indonesian structure into an English sentence. Instead, the best translation of the sentence is My friend and I told that story to my father . 24 Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva, Language Contact and Grammatical Change Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of The University of Cambridge, 2005, p. 2. 25 Uriel Weinreich, 1953, op.cit., p. 30 26 Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva 2005, loc. cit. 27 Ibid. 17 Weinreich has his own opinions deals with this interference. He divided this interference associated with syntax into three types, namely: 1 “The replica of the relations of another language explicitly conveys an unintended meaning, for example, a German speaker says in English, This woman loves the man on the model of German, intending to communicate the message The man loves this woman, but producing the opposite effect. 2 The replica of the relations of another language violates an existing relation pattern, producing nonsense or a statement which is understandable by implication, for example, an Indonesia speaker says in English, the hat red on the model of Indonesian topi merah, meaning the red hat . 3 The replica of the relations of another language which constitutes interference only theoretically, consists in the unnecessary imposition of a relation to a language where no obligatory relations exist in the equivalent domain, for example, a native Indonesian speaker were to maintain the Indonesian-type word order of Subject + Predicate + Object in English speech, What are you doing?. This would not violate English grammar, but it would be superfluous monotonous.” 28 c “Interference relates to functions or meaning of grammatical forms.” 29 This interference is associated with grammatical function or meanings of languages, which occur when a speaker identifies a morpheme or a word of the source language grammatical then, use it in the target language. In this case, this interference occurs when an Indonesian speaker who knows English, for instance, involved in a conversation. Heshe likes to transfer English words into Bahasa without awareness, for example, Planningku setelah lulus sarjana adalah melanjutkan sekolah lagi. The word planning is put as a subject although it is used as a verb in English. 28 Uriel Weinreich, 1953, op.cit., p. 37 29 Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva 2005, loc. cit. 18 According to a theory of language acquisition, the transfer or language interference of source language into target language will always happen in communication. 30 Interference that occurs in speech events can not be eliminated, but the amount can be overcome. Higher education and knowledge people have, less interference will be produce.

C. Causes of Grammatical Interference