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c Sub-ordinative bilingualism
Sub-ordinative bilingualism is a concept of bilingualism which indicates the transfer of source language when using target language interchangeably. A
bilingual on this type, generally can not distinguish the term as separate things. When they speak or write an idiom for instance, they tend to translate the source
language into the target language word by word.
Speakers who have equal bilingual abilities will face no difficulties, so there will be no language interference in their communication, and vise versa. If
the writer tracks it deeper, the cause of interference is mostly depend on the ability of speakers in using a particular language. Thus, their source language influences
their communication in using target language. People who did not master a language well will create language interference all the time they speak because
their target language still in contact with his source language aware or not.
3. Other Factors Related to Grammatical Interference
Beside language contact and bilingualism, there are two main factors causing grammatical interference, they are structural and non-structural factor.
1 Structural Factor
Structural factor are those which stem from the organization of linguistic forms into definite system. The structural factors related to grammatical
interference are the non-congruent systems; complicated functions and morphemes; and conflict with existing relation pattern.
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35
Uriel Weinreich, 1953, op.cit., p. 65.
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2 Non-structural Factor
Non-structural factor are derived from the contact of the system with the outer world.
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The non-structural factors related to grammatical interference are: a
Loyalty to source language It leads the speaker to neglect the rule of the recipient language and to
transfer some elements of the source language uncontrollable. Then, interference emerges because of using them in both written and oral.
b Individual traits of bilingual speaker
It means that individual competence is important to use both languages distinctively. The very different pattern in the systems of languages has to be
concerned. If it does not so, it will lead a bilingual to grammatical interference. c
Circumstances in the speech situation This factor relates to psychological state of the bilingual speaker.
Inconvenient circumstance can lead a speaker to make errors in speech. d
Socio-cultural context of the language contact prestige If one language is endowed with prestige, the bilingual is likely to use a
word which can display the social status. Sometimes bilinguals consider the prestige of one language to show off their ability in using it.
e The element of time and length of contact
Longer time a speaker live in overseas, more skills of language he gets. In this case, the element of time and length of contact with different language
systems are important in mastering both languages distinctively.
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Uriel Weinreich, 1953, op.cit., p. 5
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D. Error Analysis
