48
grammatical interference in the sentences of the interview session, which interfere English sentence pattern, are interference relates to transfer of morphemes;
interference relates to the grammatical relation in particular word order and interference relates to functions or meaning of grammatical forms. These kinds of
grammatical interference cause several errors in speaking which mostly occur on parallel
structure, subject
–verb agreement, singular–plural agreement, redundancy, tenses using, pronoun
–antecedent agreement and structural ambiguity.
Considering the theories at the beginning chapter to be compared to the fact that gained by the research, the writer answers the question that the
grammatical interference is mostly caused by structural and non-structural factor. From the non-structural point of view, the individual factor is dominant. The lack
of competence of the bilinguals always brings them to do languages, mostly in grammar. From the structural point of view, the very different language systems
or the non-congruent language systems cause grammatical interference. Furthermore, to build good communication, bilinguals not only need to master the
grammar of both languages but also the vocabulary, because it is important to avoid ambiguity sentence or redudancy in their speech.
B. Suggestions
From the analysis and the conclusion above, the writer would like to propose the following suggestions for whoever concern with the English study.
First, considering Indonesia as a developing country, which always accepts every development including language, Indonesian people need to learn and to master
49
English as an international language as good as possible because it is important based on globalization today.
Second, for bilingual speakers who are learning their second language, especially English, they should balance their understanding of two language
systems of grammar. Therefore, the interference can be minimized even prevented.
Third, for students of English Letters who are interested in studying the language interference, especially in grammar, they can study further about the
subject by using any kind of references, which support that matter. Finally, the writer hopes that the study will be useful for the writer
herself and other readers for future improvement of studying grammatical interferences in English sentence patterns by Indonesian. Therefore, they can
produce their speech correctly based on English grammar.
50
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Alwasilah, Chaedar, Sosiologi Bahasa, Bandung: Angkasa, 1985. Aslinda and Leni Syafyahya, Pengantar Sosiolinguistik, Bandung: Rafika
Aditama, 2007. Azar, Betty Schrampfer Understanding and Using English Grammar: 2
nd
edition ,
New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents, 1989. Bagus Putrayasa, Ida, Kalimat Efektif, Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2007.
Badudu, J.S. Inilah Bahasa Indonesia yang Benar, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka
Utama, 1994. Bloomfield, Leonard, Language, London: George Allen Unwin Ltd., 1933.
Carstair-McCarty, Andrew, An Introduction to Morphology: Words and Their
Structure, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2002.
Chaer, Abdul, Linguistik Umum, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2007. _______. Psikolinguistik: Kajian Teoritik, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2007.
Chaer, Abdul and Leonie Agustina, Sosilinguistik: Suatu Pengantar, Jakarta:
Rineka Cipta, 1995. Chomsky, Language and Mind: third edition, Cabridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2006. Corder, S.P,
“The Significance of Learners’ Errors.” Error Analysis :Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition,
ed. Jack C. Richards. London: Longman, 1974.
Elsbree, Langdon, et al., Health’s College Handbook of Composition, Lexington:
D.C. Health and Company, 1977. Farkhan, Muhammad, An Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian
UIN Jakarta, 2006. Frank, Marcella, Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall Inc, 1972.
51
Fromkin, Victoria An Introduction to Language: seventh edition, Boston: Heinle Thomson Co., 2003.
Guntur Tarigan, Henry, Pengajaran Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa, Bandung: Angkasa, 1988.
Hansen, Barbara and Rebecca McDaniel, Simplified Sentence Skills, Illinois: NTC Publishing Group, 1998.
Hornby, A.S, Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2003. Heine, Bernd, and Tania Kuteva, Language Contact and Grammatical Change,
Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of The University of Cambridge, 2005. James, Carl, Error in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis,
New York: Longman Inc, 1998. Jespersen, Otto, Essentials of English Grammar. Alabama: University of Alabama
Press, 1981. Veit, Richard, Discovering English Grammar, Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 1986. Weinrich, Uriel, Language in Contact: Finding and Problems, New York:
Mouton Publishers, 1953. Yule, George, The Study of Language: 4
th
Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2010.
Website
Anonym, Miss Indonesia Universe 2009. Accesed on December 6, 2010, http:www.youtube.comwatch?v=jkENPvJcnTM
52
APPENDICES
Q: Being a woman, what piece of advice would you give to a man? A: I think that when you down, your woman can make you up. And I think that,
woman can be said that I have advice for you that ummm…. if you way up, you have to be nice to people include women. So that when you down, women can be
nice with you…. Q: What is the best gift you have ever received?
A: The best gift somebody ever given to me is the one box but the tartars is not good or beautiful but it have a sounds, a beautiful sounds that makes me love a
music, I love a music now. Now, I‟m a singer and I‟m study at singer for jazz, for classical and of course for pop. That is makes me know what I want to do. That
makes me know what I love it. That makes me know what jobs or what kind activity that I love it.
Q: What is the worst date you have ever been on?
A: In one restaurant, and that is the day that I know he is a playboy. So he have three girlfriends, including me, but before that I know that they have more than
one-hundred girlfri end. It‟s very bad, but I know the good is now he always care
for me and can be a best friend for me. He always protect me, please Qory don‟t like me, don‟t same like me, you are a nice girl, so he never touch me, you know
like a playboy, but umm, he always make me comfortable beside her and yeah, it‟s a very, very bad, bad date, but he inspiring me to be a tough woman.
Puteri Indonesia Puteri Indonesia
Format
Beauty contest
Created by
Mooryati Soedibyo
Country of origin
Indonesia
Broadcast Original run
1992 – now
External links
Website Puteri Indonesia
literally translates into Princess of Indonesia, as also known as Miss Indonesia Universe, is one of the two biggest beauty pageants in
Indonesia along with Miss Indonesia, as well as the oldest one. Puteri Indonesia pageant began delegating its winner to Miss Universe in 1995,
but by 1996, the winner was forced to withdraw from competing in the Miss Universe pageant by Mrs. Tien Suharto, who was the wife of the late second
president of the Republic of Indonesia, Suharto. With Suharto overthrown, in 2005, Puteri Indonesia resumed to send the winner
of this pageant to Miss Universe 2005. In 2006, in addition to sending the winner Miss Universe 2006, the first runner up was sent to Miss World 2005. In 2006,
however, Puteri Indonesia lost the franchise of Miss World. Nowadays, its winner will still be sent to Miss Universe, its first runner up to Miss International.
Putri Indonesia
In addition to crown the new Puteri Indonesia Miss Indonesia Universe, at the end of election night event Puteri Indonesia will elect The Three Princess as
determined by the jury.
1. In addition to earned Puteri Indonesia, the winner is also entitled to hold
the title of Miss Indonesia Universe and will represent Indonesia in the Miss Universe Pageant
2. 1st runner-up, since 2007, the 1st runner-up will hold the title of Puteri
Indonesia LingkunganEnvironment and Miss Indonesia International, so Indonesia would be represented in the Miss International beauty pageant
by the titleholder.
3. 2nd runner-up, will hold the title of Puteri Indonesia PariwisataTourism,
is currently not a representative of Indonesia in any pageant since 2007. In 2010 2nd runner-up will represent int the Miss Asia Pacific World.
Qory Sandioriva – Puteri Indonesia 2009
Name Born
Qory Sandioriva August 17, 1991 age 19
Jakarta, Indonesia
Height 1.73 m 5 ft 8 in
Hair color Black
Eye color Brown
Titles Puteri Indonesia 2009
Major competitions
Puteri Indonesia Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam 2009
Winner Puteri Indonesia 2009
Winner Miss Universe 2010
Qory Sandioriva born in Jakarta, August 17, 1991, is an
Indonesian beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned as Puteri Indonesia 2009 on October 9, 2009 by her
predecessor, Zivanna Letisha Siregar. Currently shes the youngest titleholder in Puteri Indonesias history and the
first ever woman from Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam province to win the title.
Early life
Sandioriva was born in Jakarta to a Sundanese father and an Acehnese mother. She attended the Al-Azhar School for her elementary and secondary
education. During high school, Sandioriva joined the Pencak Silat and choir team of her school and won a choir competition. She is currently studying at the
University of Indonesia majoring in French literature. Her participation in Puteri Indonesia 2009 was controversial because she was
representing the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, a conservative Muslim province ruled by Sharia law. Past representatives of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
had always worn a headscarf, but Sandioriva did not. Sandioriva later explained that despite not wearing a headscarf, she still upheld traditional values and morals
– just like the Acehnese heroine she admired, Cut Nyak Dhien.
Miss Universe 2010
As the official representative of her country to the 2010 Miss Universe pageant broadcast live from Las Vegas, Nevada on August 23,
[3]
Sandioriva participated as one of the 83 delegates who vied for the crown of eventual winner,
Ximena Navarrete of Mexico.
Miss Universe Miss Universe
Logo of the Miss Universe pageant
Formation
1952
Type
Beauty Pageant
Headquarters
New York City, U.S.
President Paula Shugart
Key people
Donald Trump
Website
missuniverse.com
Miss Universe is an annual international beauty contest run by the Miss
Universe Organization. The pageant is the most publicized beauty contest in the world with 600 million viewers.
The contest was founded in 1952 by California clothing company Pacific Mills. The pageant became part of Kayser-Roth and then Gulf and Western Industries,
before being acquired by Donald Trump in 1996. In 1998, Miss Universe changed its name from Miss Universe, Inc. to Miss
Universe Organization and the headquarters moved from Long Beach California, to New York City that year. Donald Trump brought in a new team of
professionals to the contest headed by its new CEO, Molly Miles, and president Maureen Reidy. The contest would use the slogan Redefined for Today for
promotion of the pageants. The current Miss Universe is Ximena Navarrete, from Mexico. She won the title
on August 23, 2010.
History
The first use of the title Miss Universe was as part of International Pageant of Pulchritude which began in 1926. These events, the first international
contests, lasted until 1935 when the Great Depression and other events preceding World War II led to their demise. This pageant had no direct relationship with the
modern event. The winner of the later Miss America 1951 pageant, Yolande Betbeze, refused
to pose in a swimsuit from its major sponsor, Catalina swimwear. As a result, the brands manufacturer Pacific Mills withdrew from Miss America and set up the
Miss USA and Miss Universe contests. The first Miss Universe Pageant was held in Long Beach, California in 1952. It was won by Armi Kuusela from Finland,
who gave up her title though not officially to get married, shortly before her year was complete. Until 1958 the Miss Universe title like Miss America was post-
dated, so at the time Ms. Kuuselas title was Miss Universe 1953.
The pageant was first televised in 1955. CBS began nationally broadcasting the combined Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1960
and, separately, from 1965. In 2003 NBC took over the television rights. Competition formats
In the early years of the pageant the delegates who made the cut were announced after the preliminary competition. From 1965 to the present day the
semi-finalists were not announced until the night of the main event. The semi- finalists once again competed in evening gown and swimsuit and a top 5 were
announced. An interview portion was introduced in 1960 to decide the runners-up and winner.
From 1959 to 1964 there were slight format changes. From 1959 through 1963 there was no cut to reach the five finalists. The runners-up and winner were called
from the assembled 15 semi-finalists.
In 1965 the pageant returned to the original format of a cut to five finalists, and remained so until 1989.
In 1969 a final question was posed to the last five contestants. The final question was an on-and-off feature of the pageant.
In 1990 it had taken root, and with every pageant since the final contestants have had to answer a final question.
In 1990 the pageant implemented major format changes in the competition itself. Instead of five finalists, the field was reduced from 10 semi-finalists to 6. Each
contestant then randomly selected a judge and answered the question posed by the judge. After that, the field was narrowed down further to a final 3. In 1998, the
number of finalists was reduced to 5, although there still was a cut to a final 3. This continued to 2001, where the final 5 format was re-instated.
In 2000 the interview portion of the semi-finals was quietly dropped and the contestants once again, as in the early days of the pageant, competed only in
swimsuit and gowns. In 2003 the Top 15 was again selected instead of the Top 10. Cuts were made to
make the Top 10, and eventually the Top 5. The final question varied, each coming from the final delegates themselves and the current Miss Universe.
In 2006 twenty semi-finalists were announced, with these delegates competing in the swimsuit competition. The number of competing delegates was then cut to ten,
with those delegates competing in the evening gown competition. After that round of competition, the final five were announced, with the finalists competing in the
final question or interview round. At the end of competition the runners-up were announced and the winner crowned by the outgoing queen.
In 2007 the format changed slightly with the top 15 moving to the swimsuit competition; from there, 10 selected contestants moved on to the evening gown
competition where half were eliminated. The final five were competing in the final question. At the end of competition the runners-up were announced an the
winner crowned by the outgoing queen. The contest today
The Miss Universe Organization, a New York –based partnership between
NBC and Donald Trump, has run the contest since June 20, 2002. The current president is Paula Shugart. The Organization sells television rights to the pageant
in other countries, and also produces the Miss USA and Miss Teen USA contests with the winner of Miss USA representing the USA in Miss Universe.
Contestant selection
Each year, bids are received by the Miss Universe organizers from organizations who wish to select the Miss Universe contestant for a country. This
allows competition between different pageants to hold a countrys license, as happened for Miss Italy and Miss France for example, when the licenses for their
respective traditional organizations were revoked the usual Miss France competition returned in 2004.
Usually a countrys candidate selection involves pageants in major cities, with the winners competing in a national pageant, but this does not always occur.
For example, in 2000 Australias national pageant was abolished as a relic of a bygone era, with Australian delegates instead chosen by a modeling agency. Such
castings are generally discouraged by the Miss Universe Organization, which prefers national pageants that preserve an aura of respectability and competition.
Despite being cast, Miss Australia, Jennifer Hawkins, was chosen as Miss Universe 2004. Later that year, Australia resumed its national pageant and chose
Michelle Guy as Miss Universe Australia 2005.
Some of the most successful national pageants in the last decade have been Venezuela, USA, Puerto Rico, etc. which command consistently high interest and
television ratings in their respective countries. Recent arrivals in the pageant include China 2002, Albania 2002, Vietnam 2004, Georgia 2004, Ethiopia
2004, Latvia 2005, Kazakhstan 2006, Tanzania 2007, and Kosovo 2008; there have also been efforts to revive strong national pageants in South Africa,
Canada, Spain, Japan; Latin America especially Venezuela, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Colombia and Brazil among other regions. Prior
powerhouses are Finland, Germany and Sweden. England is the most successful non-winning country with nine Top 5 positions.
There are continually efforts to expand the pageant, but the participation of some countries such as Algeria has proven difficult due to cultural barriers to the
swimsuit competition, while others such as Azerbaijan, Mozambique, Armenia and Nepal have balked at sending representatives due to the cost in fact, of all the
major international pageants, the franchise fee for Miss Universe is the most expensive. As of 2010, only four countries have been present at every Miss
Universe since its inception in 1952: Canada, France, Germany, and the United States. Many European countries allow 17-year-old contestants to compete in
their pageants, while Miss Universes minimum age is 18, so national titleholders often have to be replaced by their runners-up. Miss Universe also prohibits
transsexual applicants and age fabrication.
Main pageant
The main Miss Universe Pageant, as of this writing, is held over a two week period in May and July. In the 1970s through the 1990s, the pageant was a
month long. This allowed time for rehearsals, appearances, and the preliminary competition, with the winner being crowned by the previous years titleholder
during the final competition.
According to the organizers, the Miss Universe contest is more than a beauty pageant: women aspiring to become Miss Universe must be intelligent,
well-mannered, and cultured. Often a candidate has lost because she did not have a good answer during the question responses rounds; although this section of
competition has held less importance during recent pageants than it did in the twentieth century. Delegates also participate in swimsuit and evening gown
competitions.
Currently, the final placement of the finalists is determined by a ranked vote, where each judge ranks each of the final threefive candidates, with the
contestant posting the lowest cumulative score thus often, but not necessarily
always, the contestant with the most number one votes becoming the winner. If there is a tie, the higher semifinal scores become decisive.
The winner is assigned a one-year contract with the Miss Universe Organization, going overseas to spread messages about the control of diseases,
peace, and public awareness of AIDS. Since Donald Trump took over the pageant, the winner has been given the use of a Trump Tower apartment in New York City
for use during her reign.
Aside from the main winner and her runners-up, special awards are also given to the winners of the best National Costume, Miss Photogenic, and Miss
Congeniality. The Miss Congeniality award is chosen by the delegates themselves. In recent years, Miss Photogenic has been chosen by popular internet
vote the winner used to be chosen by media personnel covering the event. Final judgment
The competition for the Miss Universe title has seen many changes, although there have been several constants throughout its history. All the
contestants compete in a preliminary round of judging nowadays called the Presentation Show where the field is narrowed to a select number of semi-
finalists. This number has fluctuated over the years. The very first Miss Universe pageant had ten semi-finalists. The next two years, the number of semi-finalists
grew to 16. In 1955, the number dropped to a stable 15, which remained through 1970. In 1971, the number was reduced to 12. That number was further reduced to
a mere 10 in 1984. This lasted until 2003, when the number of 15 was re-instated. In 2006, there were 20 semi-finalists, the highest number ever. In 2007, the
Organization announced the Top 15 system would be back, which was also used in 2008.
In the early years, the contestants were judged in swimsuit and evening gown only. In later years, the contestants also competed in a preliminary interview
round in a one-on-one meeting with each individual judge. In 2007, 77 contestants started the competition; the top 15 moving to the
swimsuit competition. From there, 10 were selected for the evening gown competition which halved the contenders to 5. These final five then answered a
final question to decide the winner. Crown
The Miss Universe crown used from 2002 –2007 was designed by
Mikimoto, the official jewellery sponsor of the Miss Universe Organization, and depicted the phoenix rising, signifying status, power and beauty. The crown has
500 diamonds of almost 30 carats 6.0 g, 120 South Sea and Akoya pearls, ranging in size from 3 to 18 mm diameter and is valued at 250,000. The Crown
was designed specifically for the pageant on Mikimoto Pearl Island in Japan with the Mikimoto crown and tiara being first used for Miss Universe 2002.
[11]
Since 2009, Diamond Nexus Labs has made the Miss Universe crown. The crown is set with 1,371 gemstones, weighing a total of 416.09 carats 83.22 g. It
contains 544.31 grams of 14k and 18k white gold as well as platinum. The crown features synthetic rubies to represent Miss Universes HIVAIDS education and
awareness platform. Diamond Nexus Labs is the first ever eco-friendly Official Jeweler of Miss Universe and was selected as part of NBC Universals Green is
Universal initiative. Musical score
2004 marked the first year for the Miss Universe pageant to use the Orenté musical score, the official Miss Universe soundtrack. The Orenté musical score is
divided into eight sequences: the Orenté Introduction — the musical score played
during the live telecast as the voice over begins the Miss Universe pageant, the Orenté Major
— used for the cue after commercial and during the announcement of the newly crowned Miss Universe, the Orenté Elimination
— used for the announcement of semi-finalists, the Orenté Fashion Presentation, the Orenté
Interlude — used while showing the ten finalists, the Orenté Pregunta Final —
used while the final five finalists answer the final question the Orenté Final Look — used for the final look of the five finalists, and the Orenté Announcement —
used while announcing the positions of the final five delegates. In 2008, a new Orenté Fashion Presentation was played during the Fadil Berisha swimsuit
photoshoot, the 2008 version was now the called the Orenté Curtain Call, which was used as Melanie B and Jerry Springer called out the delegates just before they
made the first cut, making the Orenté musical score divided into nine sequences.
Recent titleholders
Year CountryTerritory Miss Universe National title
Location
2011 São Paulo, Brazil
2010 Mexico Ximena
Navarrete Nuestra Belleza
México Las Vegas, U.S.
2009 Venezuela Stefania
Fernandez Miss Venezuela
Nassau, Bahamas 2008 Venezuela
Dayana Mendoza
Miss Venezuela Nha Trang,
Vietnam 2007 Japan
Riyo Mori Miss Universe
Japan Mexico City,
Mexico 2006 Puerto Rico
Zuleyka Rivera Miss Puerto Rico
Universe Los Angeles,
U.S. 2005 Canada
Natalie Glebova
Miss Universe Canada
Bangkok, Thailand
2004 Australia Jennifer
Hawkins Miss Universe
Australia Quito, Ecuador
2003 Dominican
Republic Amelia Vega
Miss Dominican Republic
Panama City, Panama
2002 Russia
Dethroned
Oxana Fedorova
Miss Russia San Juan, Puerto
Rico
Panama Justine Pasek Señorita Panamá
2001 Puerto Rico Denise
Quiñones Miss Puerto Rico
Universe Bayamón, Puerto
Rico 2000 India
Lara Dutta Miss India
Nicosia, Cyprus
By Number of Wins CountryTerritory
Titles Winning years
United States 7
1954, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1980, 1995, 1997 Venezuela
6 1979, 1981, 1986, 1996, 2008, 2009
Puerto Rico 5
1970, 1985, 1993, 2001, 2006 Sweden
3 1955, 1966, 1984
Mexico
2 1991, 2010
Japan 1959, 2007
Canada 1982, 2005
Australia 1972, 2004
India 1994, 2000
Trinidad Tobago 1977, 1998
Thailand 1965, 1988
Finland 1952, 1975
Philippines 1969, 1973
Brazil 1963, 1968
Dominican Republic
1 2003
Panama 2002
Inherited crown after Russia was dethroned
Russia 2002
Dethroned on September 23, 2002
Botswana 1999
Namibia 1992
Norway 1990
Netherlands 1989
Chile 1987
New Zealand 1983
South Africa 1978
Israel 1976
Spain 1974
Lebanon 1971
Greece 1964
Argentina 1962
Germany 1961
Colombia 1958
Peru 1957
France 1953
Top 15 Countries by Tally
Rank CountryTerrit
ory Miss
Univers e
1st Runn
er- Up
2nd Runn
er- Up
3rd Runn
er- Up
4th Runn
er- Up
Semifinalis ts
Total
1 USA
7 8
6 1
5 27
54 2
Venezuela 6
6 5
4 2
13 36
3 Puerto Rico 5
1 2
1 3
6 18
4 Sweden
3 1
2 3
4 16
29 5
Brazil
[14]
2 5
2 3
17 29
6 Finland
[14]
2 3
5 1
1 6
18 7
Australia
[14]
2 1
3 1
2 5
14 8
Japan
[15]
2 1
1 2
3 9
18 9
India 2
1 1
1 1
13 19
10 Canada
2 1
1 1
11 16
11 Philippines 2
1 3
2 7
15 12
Mexico 2
1 2
2 9
16 13
Trinidad and Tobago
2 1
1 4
8 14
Thailand 2
1 4
7 15
Colombia 1
4 2
3 1
18 29
Trivia and statistics
Scores
Electronic voting was introduced to television viewers in 1978 when the pageant was held in Acapulco, Mexico: for the first time in a televised
pageant, the audience got to see how the judges voted. This system was temporarily suspended from 2003 to 2006, where the traditional ballot
system was implemented. The pageant reestablished a computer voting system in 2007.
From 1990 to 2001, the judges individual scores were visible to the viewing audience, creating three of the four highest scores ever seen on
the pageant in each area of competition. The scoring system was similar to the Olympics. As each contestant competed, the judges entered a score
ranging from 1.0 to a high of 9.99 into their computer terminals. The judges names and scores were seen on screen, then the highest and lowest
scores were eliminated and the rest were averaged.
o
The highest Semifinal Swimsuit score in that time period was given in 1998, a score of 9.855 to Miss Venezuela, Veruska
Ramírez.
o
The highest Semifinal Evening Gown score was given in 1994, a score of 9.897 to Miss Colombia, Carolina Gómez.
o
The highest Semifinal Interview score was given in 1993, a score of 9.843 to Miss Venezuela, Milka Chulina.
o
The highest Top 5 Interview score was given in Miss Universe 2000, a score of 9.954 to Miss India, Lara Dutta. This is in fact the
highest score in any competition in the history of Miss Universe.
However, in 2002, individual judges scores were hidden again, as it happened from 1978 to 1989, and only the average score is shown to the
viewing audience nowadays. That year, the highest Semifinal Swimsuit score ever recorded was given to Miss Russia, Oxana Fedorova, a score of
9.88
.
There is a team of three people who install, maintain, and operate the voting system. They sit somewhere in the audience area with a view of the
stage, usually just in front of the accountants. They are listed in credits as “Computer Score Operators.” The same system is used for Miss Teen
USA and Miss USA.
HISTORY
Who would have thought that in 1952, a local bathing beauty competition spearheaded by Catalina Swimwear in Long Beach, CA would
transform into an international annual tradition with countless young women around the world vying to become a part of Miss Universe history? As millions of
fans have watched around the globe, the contest has evolved into a powerful, year-round, international organization that advances and supports opportunities
for these young women.
These women are savvy, goal-oriented and aware. The delegates who become part of the Miss Universe Organization display those characteristics in
their everyday lives, both as individuals, who compete with hope of advancing their careers, personal and humanitarian goals, and as women who seek to
improve the lives of others.
1
SUMMARY AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL INTERFERENCE IN
INTERVIEW SESSION OF PUTERI INDONESIA 2009 ON
MISS UNIVERSE CONTEST 2010
By DEWI PERMATA SARI
107026001180
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA
2011
AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL INTERFERENCE IN INTERVIEW SESSION OF
PUTERI INDONESIA 2009 ON MISS UNIVERSE CONTEST 2010
A. INTRODUCTION
