43
be classified as effective sentence , for example, “I once shot an elephant in my
pajamas”.
52
It has two distinctive structures. One expresses the idea that I shot an elephant while I was in my pajamas. The other expresses the idea that there is an
elephant got into my pajamas then I shot it. This sentence provides an example of structural ambiguity. This interference relates to grammatical relations in
particular word order. It produces an ambiguity statement, which is difficult to understand. This interference type leads her to make an error in target language.
Datum 1: Q: Being a woman, what piece of advice would you give to a man? A:
I think, when you down, your woman can make you up.
There are two different deep structures in the sentences above. A person hearing the statement may think that she is talking about man-woman relation in
negative meaning. Actually, it is not what she means. She wants to share that women can help and accompany men, especially their boyfriend to solve any
problem in their life. So that, to avoid the structural ambiguity, a skill in choosing
appropriate words is needed. Thus, the correct sentence is I think, when you fall down, your woman can raise you up.
2. Causes of Grammatical Interference
From the analysis above, it can be described that some factors that cause grammatical interference are:
a Structural Factor From the structural factor, there are several stimuli that cause grammatical
interference in the data of the interview session. First, Bahasa Indonesia has
52
George Yule 2010, op.cit., p. 98.
44
different language system from English. As a sexiest language, English has three different expressions to express the third person singular which refer to each
sexiest that is “he” refers to male person, “she” refers to female person and “it”
refers to unknown object. In contrast, Bahasa has only one expression for the third person,
that is “dia” which is used for both sexes. It can be seen that the non- congruent systems of languages leads the speaker Qory Sandioriva to transfer
the morpheme “dia” into English without considering the specification of pronoun, for example, in the datum c2 she says
“he always makes me comfortable beside her
”. It shows that she fails to use the expression appropriately that should be agreed between the pronoun and its antecedent. This error violates
the existing relation pattern of English grammar. Second, the complicated function of morpheme may also be the next
stimuli. In the interview, the writer can see that the speaker Qory is not aware of many important aspects in English agreement, for example subject-verb
agreement, in Bahasa Indonesia, there is no rule that verb must be changed depending on its subject, but vice versa in English grammar, so she tends to
transfer the morpheme “punya” for instance, into English “have” without considering English subject-v
erb agreement that it should be “ has” not “have” if the subject is the third person singular. Therefore, bilingual speakers, especially
Indonesian, should be aware of this structural factor, because they have different language systems from English.
b Non-Structural factor There are several non-structural factors that cause grammatical interference in
the interview session, they are:
45
1 Bilingualism and Multilingualism factor
As explanation in the previous section, bilingualism or multilingualism is the ability in using more than one language which becomes one of the dominant
factors that cause interference interplay as a consequences. Aware or not, bilingualism often do the interference which can create errorness in using the
target language.in the interview , the speaker‟s source language influences her
Qory English as her target language. If she is a coordinative bilingual, she would not do many errors, but actually, she is not. She is categorized as compound
bilingual because she can not use both language seperately. So that, many deviations occur in her speech that lead her to do some errors.
2 Individual factors of bilingual speaker
From the interview, the writer can see that Qory lacks of English grammar. The lack of competence has brought her to do interference in her speech. She
tends to juxtapose those language systems Bahasa and English. In tenses agreement aspect, she fails to use approriate tenses in her statements, for example,
in the interview she said “that is the day that I know he is a playboy”. To tell her
experie nce, she should have used “was” because it is normally uttered in the past
tense form. Besides, she is not aware of the rules because there is no agreement in Bahasa Indonesia. In conclusion, higher knowledge people have, less interference
will be produced. 3
The Element of Time and Length of Contact From the interview, the writer can see that the element of time and length
of contact may also be at play. The speaker in the interview Qory only stays for few days in the English speaking country America just to follow the miss
46
universe contest, so she has not mastered English as good as native. Her source language still influences her English speech when she is answering several
questions from the interviewer. If she has ever lived in English speaking country, it would help her to communicate very well in English because she accostumed to
use the language, but actually she has not. Based on the theory of interference, longer contact with the target language, better speech people have and less
interference will be produced. 4
Circumstances in the speech situation From the interview, the writer can see that circumstance in the speech
situation also comes into play. Formal situation makes emotional involvement of the interviewee. From the video of interview session, Qory gets many pauses
when she is answering those questions. It may occur because she is nervous. Besides, bilingual that has not mastered the target language very well will do so
because she is not get used to speak in English. According to psycholinguistics study, people‟s mind will take long time to speak in foreign language better than
in mother-tongue language, so they will produce many pauses in speech. In conclusion, grammatical interference in the interview session happens
not only because of the structural factor, but also the non-structural factor, such as bilingualism, individual factor, length of contact, and circumstance in the
situation.
47
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
In language practice, some problems bilingual faced in communication are found. One of them is language interference. Language interference is a
natural phenomenon that occurs in bilingual or multilingual countries. It happens in Indonesia, a multilingual and developed country that welcomes every new thing
from overseas through English as the international language. The term of interference offers the sense that its small presence is
slightly aware. Most Indonesian copy an inappropriate forms from the others without realizing what they copy is inappropriate. As a result, when they speak or
write, they transfer several elements of the source language Bahasa Indonesia in to the target language systems English It makes the sentence sounds awkward
and inappropriate. Therefore, further analysis is needed if a person wants to find the awkwardness.
Interference can occur at any aspect of language, such as phonology, grammar, vocabulary, even cultural sense, whether oral and written, especially
when somebody is learning hisher second or foreign language. In this study, the writer focuses on the grammatical interference, that is the deviations which mostly
occurs in the speech of bilinguals due to transfer the system of the source language into the target language. Based on the data that has been described in
this thesis, the writer has several conclusions can be drawn. The types of
