Gerund as an Object of Preposition

The fourth way is contrasting the idea. The example below is in Indonesian Language. Anak itu tidak malas dan curang, tetapi rajin dan jujur. The fifth way is using the particle –lah. The example below is in Indonesian Language. Saudaralah yang bertanggung jawab. 93 A translator must try to emphasize the same action to make a good translation so that the TL reader will give the same response as the SL reader in reading the text containing gerunds in their own language. The underlined word below is the gerund and its translation. The italized word indicates the object of the gerund’s translation.

A. Gerund as an Object of Preposition

According to Betty Azar in Understanding and Using English Grammar, gerund is frequently used as the object of preposition. 42

1. Class Shift

Class shift occurs when an SL item is translated by means of a TL item belonging to a different grammatical class. Class shift procedures in translating a gerund includes adding affixes such as be-, me-, me- -kan, di- and ter-. A translator uses class shift because heshe finds that maintaining 42 Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar.2 nd ed, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents, 1989, p. 151 a gerund form which is a noun or using affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, ke- and -an is not possible or it may make the translations sounds unnatural. By using the class shift, the form of the gerund is mostly change into a verb. a. Translated into Me-+V 22 Class shift According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, as a transitive verb, me- commonly means doing an action melakukan tindakan or using something menggunakan or memakai. As an intransitive verb, the affix me- has the meaning of becoming menjadi, living as something hidup sebagai, having a profession of berprofesi , eatingdrinkingsipping something minummakanisap sesuatu, moving to somewhere menujubergerak ke , finding or collecting something mencari atau mengumpulkan, making something membuat, pretending or doing a mimic of something berlaku seperti atau menyerupai, and making a noise mengeluarkan bunyi 70-72 1 SL : He was going to ring me again tonight and I was no closer to having sorted it. E-Love, 2001, 194 TL : Dia akan meneleponku lagi nanti malam, dan aku belum membuat keputusan. E-Love, 2001, 72 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is keputusan. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of having sorted it melakukan tindakan membuat 2 SL : At least I didnt have hours of travelling to get there and back. E-Love , 2001, 139 TL : Setidaknya aku tidak perlu menempuh jarak jauh pulang-pergi. E-Love , 2001, 17 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is jarak jauh. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of traveling melakukan tindakan menempuh 3 SL : It didnt take too long to get home and then we had the fun of opening all the carrier bags of things that Mum had bought. E- Love , 2001, 207 TL : Tak lama kemudian kami sampai di rumah, dan asyik membuka kantong-kantong belanjaan Mum. E-Love, 2001, 85 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is kantong belanjaan. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of opening melakukan tindakan membuka The translation of the three sentences above have the same pattern which is the auxiliary verb in Source Language is omitted and the gerund is translated into a verb to replace the auxiliary verb 4 SL : It was so ridiculous that even I started to laugh at the thought of keeping anything a secret from that lot. E-Love, 2001, 171 TL : Menggelikan sekali urusan ini, sampai-sampai aku mulai tertawa membayangkan aku menyimpan rahasia dari sobat- sobatku ini. E-Love, 2001, 49 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is rahasia. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of keeping something a secret melakukan tindakan menyimpan rahasia 5 SL : I cant bear the thought of not seeing you after tomorrow morning. E-Love, 2001, 221 TL : Aku juga tidak tahan membayangkan tidak melihatmu lagi setelah besok pagi. E-Love, 2001, 99 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is mu. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of not seeing you melakukan tindakan tidak melihatmu. It has a negative meaning because the negation “not”. Two sentences with their translation above have the same pattern. The pattern is that the preposition is omitted and the gerund is translated into a verb and there is a double verb verba berderet. 6 SL : Debs has set her heart on getting into it, but shes got to wait two more years before shell be old enough to audition. E-Love, 2001, 172 TL : Debs setengah mati ingin menjadi anggota paduan suara ini, tapi dia mesti menunggu dua tahun lagi, barulah dia cukup umur untuk ikut audisi. E-Love, 2001, 50 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is anggota paduan suara. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of being a member of a choir melakukan tindakan menjadi paduan suara. 7 SL : I was about to go off-line, feeling miserable about not speaking to Dan, when a new message appeared: Hi, Sam You there. E- Love , 2001, 177 TL : Aku berniat keluar saja, merasa kecewa karena tidak bisa mengobrol dengan Dan, tapi tiba-tiba muncul pesan baru: Hai, Sam Ada di situ? E-Love, 2001, 55 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is Dan. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of not speaking melakukan tindakan tidak mengobrol. It has a negative meaning because the negation “not”. 8 SL : I just thought it might be a way of building on what I’ll learn if I get into the school tennis squad this summer, thats all. E- Love , 2001, 180 TL : Kupikir mungkin dengan ikut kamp tenis itu aku bisa memperbaiki teknikku untuk nanti kalau aku masuk tim tenis sekolah pada musim panas ini. Itu saja. E-Love, 2001, 58 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is teknikku. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending melakukan tindakan mengirim. 9 SL : I found myself constantly thinking about Dan: supposing he thought I was a complete geek for sending that e-mail to him? E-Love , 2001, 182 TL : Aku terus-menerus memikirkan Dan gimana kalau dia pikir aku kuper abis gara-gara aku mengirim e-mail itu padanya? E- Love , 2001, 60 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is e-mail. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending melakukan tindakan mengirim. 10 SL : And, of course, my big mistake about sending the e-mail. E- Love , 2001, 183 TL : Juga, tentu saja, kesalahan besarku karena telah mengirim e- mail -itu. E-Love, 2001, 61 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is e-mail. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending melakukan tindakan mengirim. The translation of gerund above is given a time mark which is telah. 11 SL : Even sadder though, was that, Mrs Jay never got back to being a concert pianist. E-Love, 2001, 140 TL : Tapi yang lebih menyedihkan, Mrs. Jay tidak pernah lagi menjadi pianis konser. E-Love, 2001, 18 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pianis. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of being a concert pianist melakukan tindakan menjadi pianis. 12 SL : Once I was in my bedroom, I got so jittery at the thought of phoning Dan that I did actually feel ill. E-Love, 2001, 186 TL : Begitu berada di kamarku, aku jadi sangat gelisah memikirkan akan menelepon Dan sampai-sampai aku benar-benar merasa tidak enak badan. E-Love, 2001, 64 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pianis. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of being a concert pianist melakukan tindakan menjadi pianis. 13 SL : spk 2u 18r was our own code for getting on-to net to chat and I sent them both the same message back: gr8thnx. E-Love, 2001, 141 TL : Isinya hampir sama smpi nanti adalah kode rahasia kami, yang artinya mengajak chatting . Kukirimkan balasan yang sama pada mereka: sip thx E-Love, 2001, 19 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is chatting. The translator uses chatting because the affix me- needs a noun to complete the sentence. Chatting in the translation is a loan word. It is not translated because it is a computer terminology. In this case, chatting means to chat by typing the sentence through a chat program in a computer through the Internet. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of phoning melakukan tindakan menelpon. 14 SL : Theres no point in trying to chat to them. E-Love, 2001, 193 TL : Percuma mencoba ngobrol dengan mereka. E-Love, 2001, 71 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is mereka. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of trying melakukan tindakan mencoba. 15 SL : When I got home from school that afternoon I went straight to the piano after saying hello to Charly, of course. E-Love, 2001, 194 TL : Sepulang sekolah siang itu, aku langsung beranjak ke piano tentu saja setelah menyapa Charly. E-Love, 2001, 72 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is Charly. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of saying hellomelakukan tindakan menyapa. 16 SL : Still, as Butters dad said when he opened a huge phone-bill one day, hed rather we were chatting via the net, because it was cheaper than using the phone. E-Love, 2001, 153 TL : Tapi, seperti kata ayah Butter, sewaktu menerima tagihan telepon yang mahalnya amit-amit, dia lebih suka kami mengobrol lewat Internet sebab lebih murah daripada kalau memakai telepon.E-Love, 2001, 32 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is telepon. The affix me- above has the meaning of using the phone menggunakan telepon. 17 SL : Definitely one of the benefits of being an only child with parents who work so hard: they give you your space. E-Love, 2001, 227 TL : Satu keuntungan menjadi anak tunggal dengan orangtua yang bekerja begitu keras adalah: mereka memberikan banyak kesempatan untuk sendirian. E-Love, 2001, 105 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is anak tunggal. The affix me- above has the meaning of action of being an only child melakukan tindakan menjadi anak tunggal. 18 SL : Id better go and get in a spot of howling outside the window before supper. E-Love, 2001, 200 TL : Sekarang aku mau melolong-lolong dulu di luar jendela, sebelum makan malam. E-Love, 2001, 78 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb where there is no object after the verb melolong- lolong. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of howling melakukan tindakan melolong-lolong. 19 SL : Debs butted in first – I could tell because we all identified ourselves by giving our initials at the end of the chat. E-Love, 2001, 152 TL : Debs yang pertama-tama-aku bisa tahu karena kami memberi tanda dengan menaruh inisial kami masing-masing pada akhir chat. E-Love, 2001, 31 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is inisial kami. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of giving our initials melakukan tindakan menaruh inisial kami. 20 SL : She was telling me of gently, for making her jump too. E-Love, 2001, 160 TL : Dia memprotesku rupanya, karena membuat dia kaget juga. E- Love , 2001, 38 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is inisial dia. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of making her jump melakukan tindakan membuat. 21 SL : But he kept on knocking and in the end I opened the door and made some pathetic excuse about not hearing him. E-Love, 2001, 219 TL : Tapi dia terus mengetuk-ngetuk, dan akhirnya kubuka juga pintu. Kukatakan tadi aku tidak mendengar. E-Love, 2001, 97 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of making a false statement membuat suatu kebohongan. The gerund below is translated into me-+V and there is a reduplication of the translation of the gerund 22 SL : As if somehow, by repeating myself what hed said, it was going to change things. E-Love, 2001, 240 TL : Seolah-olah dengan mengulang-ulang apa yang dikatakannya bisa mengubah keadaan. E-Love, 2001, 118 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is apa yang dikatakannya. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of repeating something melakukan tindakan mengulang-ulang. 23 SL : So whats all this rubbish about waiting for Mr. E-mail to come to you, Sam? E-Love, 2001, 184 TL : Nah, apa sih masalahmu, soal menunggu-nunggu si Mr. E-mail membalasmu, Sam? E-Love, 2001, 62 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is si Mr. E-mail. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of waiting melakukan tindakan menunggu-nunggu. The verb of the gerund below is Two-word verbs and translated into Me-+V 24 SL : Yes. Ill be able to catch up with my howling, wont I? E-Love, 2001, 210 TL : Ya, aku jadi bisa bebas melolong-lolong, iya kan? E-Love, 2001, 88 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb where there is no object after the verb melolong- lolong. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of howling melakukan tindakan melolong-lolong. 25 SL : I just carried on with my peeling and chopping. E-Love, 2001, 196 TL : Aku meneruskan mengupas dan mengiris-iris sayuran. E-Love, 2001, 73 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is sayuran. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of peeling and chopping melakukan tindakan mengupas dan mengiris-iris. b. Translated into Me-+V +kan 6 Class shift According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the meaning of the affix me- -kan depends on the verb one. If the the verb one is a verb, an adjective, it has the meaning of doing an action melakukan tindakan or to do something to the object menyebabkan sesuatuseseorang objek menjadi. If the the verb one is a noun, it has the meaning of making or presuming the object as something menjadikan atau menganggap objek sebagai. 43 1 SL : She’s so good, Mrs. Sutton our sport teacher is thinking of putting her forward for the national team this year. E-Love, 2001, 130 TL : Permainannya bagus sekali, sampai-sampai Mrs. Sutton guru olahraga kami berniat mencalonkannya masuk tim nasional tahun ini. E-Love, 2001, 8 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is -nya. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of causing someone to be a candidate menyebabkan seseorang menjadi calon. 2 SL : For a second I thought about leaving a message myself but then I changed my mind. E-Love, 2001, 174 43 Amalia Candrayani, Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, Jakarta: Wedatama Widya Sastra, 2004, pp. 81-88 TL : Sesaat aku menimbang-nimbang untuk meninggalkan pesan, tapi lalu mengurungkannya E-Love, 2001, 52 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pesan. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of leaving melakukan tindakan meninggalkan. 3 SL : But I think Mum had an idea of how I felt because she leaned back and squeezed my hand without saying anything. E-Love, 2001, 223 TL : Tapi kurasa Mum bisa menebak perasanku, sebab Mum mengulurkan tangan ke belakang dan meremas tanganku tanpa mengatakan apa-apa. E-Love, 2001, 101 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is apa-apa. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of leaving melakukan tindakan meninggalkan. 4 SL : I only just about had time to tell her my worries about telling Mum when we arrived at assembly. E-Love, 2001, 192 TL : Aku cuma sempat menceritakan kecemasan-kecemasanku kalau harus menyampaikan hal ini pada Mum, tapi kami sudah keburu tiba, di rapat. E-Love, 2001, 70 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is hal ini. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of telling melakukan tindakan menyampaikan. 5 SL : I protested at first, but then I began to see the sense of getting it over with. E-Love, 2001, 240 TL : Mulanya aku protes, tapi lalu aku mulai menyadari perlunya membereskan masalah ini sampai tuntas. E-Love, 2001, 119 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is masalah ini. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of finishing melakukan tindakan membereskan. 6 SL : I had to admit that I felt better for talking to someone about it. E-Love , 2001, 184 TL : Mesti kuakui, perasaanku jadi lebih enak setelah membicarakan ini. E-Love, 2001, 62 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is masalah ini. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of talking about something melakukan tindakan membicarakan sesuatu. The translation of gerund above is given a time mark which is setelah. c. Translated into Me-+Verb+-i 1 Class shift According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the affix me- -i has the meaning of making a decision how to reponse berlakubersikap - terhadap objek 44 91-94 1 SL : In the end, they bullied me into saying yes. E-Love, 2001, 243 TL: Akhirnya mereka berhasil juga memaksaku menyangupi untuk datang. E-Love, 2001, 121 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of willing to go bersikap menerima ajakan d. Translated into Ber- +V 1 Class shift According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the affix Ber- has the meaning of having something mempunyai, having a relation with mempunyai hubungan, using menggunakan atau memakai, to creating menghasilkan, handing out mengeluarkan, doing an activity mengerjakan atau mengadakan kegiatan, an activity involving more than one peope tindakan yang melibatkan 44 Ibid, pp. 91-94. pelaku lebih dari satu, calling or presuming memanggil or menganggap sebagai, doing an action sedang melakukan tindakan, doing an action for himherself tindakan atas diri sendiri, in a condition berada dalam keadaan, a group of something himpunan atau dalam jumlah 40-43 1 SL : Im sorry but I wont agree to the meeting until I speak to his mother or father. E-Love, 2001, 198 TL : Yah, sayang sekali, tapi aku tidak mengizinkan kau bertemu dengan dia sampai aku sudah bicara dengan ibu atau ayahnya.E-Love, 2001, 76 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is dia. The affix ber- above has the meaning of the action of meeting someone Mengadakan kegiatan bertemu e. Translated into Ter-+V 1 Class shift According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the affix Ter- has the meaning of an accidental action tidak sengaja di-, can be dapat di-, have been done sudah di-, or a condition keadaan 45 122-124 1 SL : All that-stuff about tingling, you know? E-Love, 2001, 140 45 Ibid, pp. 122-124. TL : Soal perasaan tergelitik itu, ngerti maksudku? E-Love, 2001, 18 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The affix ber- above has the meaning of the condition of tingling keadaan tergelitik

f. Translated into V 1 without affixes 9 Class shift

1 SL : I wrote it without thinking first. E-Love, 2001,145 TL : Aku mengetik itu tanpa pikir panjang. E-Love, 2001, 23 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. 2 SL : It was mostly clothes for her and Dad but she had bought me a really nice jacket - it was just like one Id told her about seeing in a catalogue. E-Love, 2001, 207 TL : Kebanyakan isinya pakaian untuk Mum dan Dad, tapi aku juga dibelikan jaket yang bagus sekali-persis seperti yang pernah kulihat di katalog dan kuceritakan pada Mum. E-Love, 2001, 85 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. 3 SL : Oh sure- it won’t stop me from going to camp dont worry. E- Love , 2001, 210 TL : Oh, bisa-tenang aja, aku pasti ikut kamp itu, kok. E-Love, 2001, 88 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. 4 SL : In the meantime, I had to keep myself occupied by playing more tennis with the girls Butter was quite good but she did go off to a cricket training camp so I lost her as a tennis partner, for a while, swimming we all went together, playing the piano, and. generally mooching around the house and garden with Charly. E-Love, 2001, 225 TL : Sementara ini, aku mesti menyibukkan diri dengan main tenis lebih sering bersama sobat-sobatku Butter sangat bagus, tapi dia ikut kamp latihan kriket, jadi untuk sementara aku kehilangan dia sebagai partnerku, berenang kami pergi bersama-sama, main piano, dan pada umumnya cuma berkeliaran di sekitar rumah dan kebun bersama Charly. E- Love , 2001, 103 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. 5 SL : No, he just did it by being himself. E-Love, 2001, 227 TL : Dia tampil apa adanya saja. E-Love, 2001, 105 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. 6 SL : After all the worry about chatting to him, he was actually really easy to talk to once Id taken the plunge. E-Love, 2001, 188 TL : Padahal tadi aku cemas setengah mati membayangkan ngobrol dengan dia, padahal dia benar-benar enak diajak bicara, begitu aku sudah memulai. E-Love, 2001, 66 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is dia. Ngobrol is an informal word. The formal words are mengadakan percakapan. 7 SL : Perhaps the girls were right and somehow, by going into the chatroom the way I had, I had invited some weirdos into the world of my PC. E-Love, 2001, 185 TL : Mungkin sobat-sobatku benar juga, bahwa dengan masuk ke chatroom seperti itu, aku jadi mengundang orang-orang sakit ke dalam dunia PC-ku E-Love, 2001, 63 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. 8 SL : I was looking forward to going. E-Love, 2001, 243 TL : Aku merasa bersemangat untuk pergi. E-Love, 2001,121 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. 9 SL : Fortunately, he didnt go and spoil it all by trying to grope me. E-Love , 2001, 244 TL : Untunglah dia tidak merusak suasana dengan coba-coba meraba-rabaku. E-Love, 2001, 123 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is ku.

g. Translated into Kata Dasar Adjective 1

1 SL : Fortunately, after all those years of worrying about it, being with a boy like that just comes naturally. E-Love, 2001, 216 TL : Untunglah, setelah sekian lama merasa cemas, menikmati kebersamaan dengan cowok seperti ini berjalan sewajarnya saja. E-Love, 2001, 94 It is rare to find a gerund which is translated into an adjective. The gerund above actually has a verbal meaning but the translator decided to translate it into an adjective to make the sentence effective. The words “about it” are translated using translation by omission because the write think it is not significant.

2. Unit Shift Translated into Phrase 6

According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, by unit-shift we mean changes of rank-that is, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.79 1 SL : I was prepared for just about every social occasion going except for skiing E-Love, 2001, 211 TL : Pokoknya aku siap deh dengan perlengkapan untuk segala macam acara, kecuali untuk main ski E-Love, 2001, 89 The translation above is a unit shift because the word “skiing” is translated into a phrase “main ski”. 2 SL : But what was I going to do about meeting him? E-Love, 2001, 193 TL : Tapi bagaimana tentang rencana menemui dia? E-Love, 2001, 71. The translation above is a unit shift because the word “meeting” is translated into a phrase “rencana menemui”. 3 SL : As I switched the light on, she twitched an ear at me and let out, a purr of greeting. E-Love, 2001,143 TL : Ketika aku menyalakan lampu, dia menggerakkan satu telinganya padaku dan mengeong menyambut kedatanganku. E-Love, 2001, 21 The translation above is a unit shift because the word “greeting” is translated into a phrase “menyambut kedatanganku”.The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb. The object of the verb is kedatanganku. 4 SL : As we approached our exams, we seemed to get more and more coursework and endless lists of books from all our teachers that they reckoned we needed to read because they were essential to passing our exams. E-Love, 2001, 229 TL : Ketika ujian-ujian semakin dekat, kami semakin banyak mendapat tugas-tugas dan daftar buku yang menurut guru-guru kami mesti dibaca supaya bisa lulus ujian. E-Love, 2001, 107 The translation above is a unit shift because the word “passing” is translated into a phrase “bisa lulus”. 5 SL : I told Mum about telling Dan, and that his mum would be expecting her to call. E-Love, 2001, 200 TL : Kuberitahu Mum bahwa aku sudah bilang pada Dan, dan bahwa ibu Dan akan menunggu telepon ibuku. E-Love, 2001, 78. The translation above is a unit shift because the word “telling” is translated into a phrase “aku sudah bilang pada”. The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is Dan. Aku sudah bilang is informal. The formal words are aku telah mengatakannya. 6 SL : I wondered if I should tell them about meeting Dan and see what advice that they might have. E-Love, 2001, 193 TL : Aku berpikir-pikir, haruskah kuberitahukan pada mereka rencanaku bertemu dengan Dan. E-Love, 2001, 71 The translation above is a unit shift because the word “meeting” is translated into a phrase “rencanaku bertemu”. The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is Dan.

3. Non-Class shift

By using non-class shift, the gerund form, which is a noun, is maintained. a. Translated into Ke-+V +an 3 According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the affix ke- -an depends on the verb one. If the verb one is a verb, the affix has the meaning of something related to hal yang berhubungan dengan, or a place tempat. If the verb one is a noun, the affix has the meaning of meaning of something related to hal yang berhubungan dengan, a place tempat, or a nature of something sifat yang 167-169 1 SL : Surely they could help to rescue him from his studying? E- Love , 2001, 136 TL : Teman-temannyakan pasti bisa membantu dia menghilangkan kebosanannya? E-Love, 2001, 14 The translation above is a free translation because studying is translated into kebosanannya. The affix ke- -an has a meaning of something related to the boring condition hal yang berhubungan dengan kebosanan 2 SL : I think lunch was one of Dads treats to us for having been away all week. E-Love, 2001, 155 TL : Kurasa acara makan siang bersama ini merupakan salah satu cara Dad untuk menebus ketidak-hadirannya di rumah sepanjang minggu. E-Love, 2001, 33 The affix ke- -an has a meaning of something related to the having been away condition hal yang berhubungan dengan ketidak- hadirannya 3 SL : There was no point in looking to keen. E-Love, 2001,151 TL : Jangan sampai aku kedengaran terlalu antusias. E-Love, 2001, 30 The translation above is a free translation because looking is translated into kedengaran. Kedengaran is informal word. To make a good translation, the word “looking” should be translated into “terlihat”. b. Translated into Pe-+V +an 1 According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, the affix pe- -an depends on the verb one. If the verb one is a verb, the affix has the meaning of a process of proses me-me- -kan me- -i, a tool to do something or a result of alathasil me- or a place to tempat me-. If the verb one is a noun, the affix has the meaning of a process of proses me-me- -kan me- -i, or a tool to do something halhasil me-. 46 1 SL : Says shell never be able to look her in the eye at a parent- teacher meeting again E-Love, 2001, 127 TL : Katanya dia bakal malu banget deh kalau ketemu Mrs. Dixon dalam rapat pertemuan orangtua murid dan guru E-Love, 2001, 5 The affix pe- -an means the process of meeting proses menemui. 46 Ibid, pp. 162-165. c. Translated into Verb + -an 3 According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, if the verb one is a verb, the affix –an has the meaning of passive yang di-, the result of hasil melakukan, a tool alat, a place tempat. 47 1 SL : We spent some time working on religious paintings - you know, icons and rood screens, that sort of thing - and Mrs. Thomas played us Mozarts Requiem. E-Love, 2001, 135 TL : Pernah kami mengerjakan proyek membuat lukisan-lukisan religius-ikon-ikon, sekat-sekat berpola, semacam itulah-dan Mrs. Thomas menyetetkan Requiem Mozart. E-Love, 2001, 13. The affix –an in the sentence above means the result of painting hasil melukis 2 SL : They said it was up to us to be responsible for our own safety and that, as long as we turned up to breakfast each morning and coaching on time, and didnt disgrace the camp at anything, theyd treat us as adults. E-Love, 2001, 217. TL : Kata mereka, kami sendiri, yang bertanggung jawab atas keselamatan kami, dan selama kami ikut sarapan setiap pagi dan datang latihan pada waktunya, serta tidak melakukan hal- 47 Ibid, pp. 169-171. hal yang memalukan kamp, maka mereka akan memperlakukan kami sebagai orang dewasa. E-Love, 2001, 95. The affix –an in the sentence above means the result of coaching hasil melakukan latihan 3 SL : Weve got a timetable of coaching but we get some time off every day to go out on trips. E-Love, 2001, 213 TL : Ada jam jam latihan, tapi setiap hari kami diberi -waktu untuk keluar berjalan-jalan. E-Love, 2001, 91 The affix –an in the sentence above means the result of coaching hasil melakukan latihan

d. Translated into Kata Dasar Noun 1

1 SL : We didnt bother to team up with any of the others, because without saying anything to each other, we both seemed to realise that we just had to spend the time on our own because who knew when we were going to see each other again. E- Love , 2001, 221 TL : Kami tidak berbaur dengan anak-anak lainnya, sebab tanpa kata-kata pun kami berdua sepertinya sama-sama menyadari bahwa kami ingin berduaan saja sebab entah kapan kami bisa bertemu lagi. E-Love, 2001, 98

4. Translation by Omission 8

According to Mona Baker in In Other Word, translation by omission may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts. If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do simply omit translating the word or expression in question. 48 1 SL : We sat next to each other to watch the mixed doubles finals and then we had the joy of watching Sally lose in the girls singles for her set. E-Love, 2001, 221 TL : Kami duduk berdampingan menonton final ganda campuran, lalu kami menikmati kekalahan Sally dalam tunggal putri kelompoknya. E-Love, 2001, 98 2 SL : But then I made the excuse of feeling tired and went up to my room. E-Love, 2001, 236 TL : Tapi lalu aku beralasan bahwa aku capek, dan aku naik ke kamarku. E-Love, 2001, 114 3 SL : When youve got a mother who is smart, theres not a lot that slips by her without being noticed. E-Love, 2001, 196 48 Mona Baker, In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation, London: Routledge, 1995, p.40 TL : Susah kalau punya ibu yang cerdas, tidak banyak yang bisa lolos begitu saja tanpa sepengetahuannya. E-Love, 2001, 74 4 SL : So I made some excuse about being tired because there had been a really late party the night before. E-Love, 2001, 223 TL : Jadi aku membuat alasan, mengatakan aku lelah karena semalam ada pesta hinggga larut malam. E-Love, 2001, 101 5 SL : I was glad that I didnt have to worry about being with a boy who ate less than I did E-Love, 2001, 206 TL : Aku senang Dan tidak makan lebih sedikit daripada aku E-Love, 2001, 84 6 SL : When he got round to sending them, that is. E-Love, 2001, 236 TL : Itu kalau, dia sempat. E-Love, 2001, 114 7 SL : I make the most of having a nice long lie-in and then, if Im feeling like it, I might spend some time practicing the piano. E-Love, 2001, 154 TL : Aku lebih suka tidur sampai siang lalu kalau sedang ingin, aku berlatih piano selama-beberapa waktu. E-Love, 2001, 32 8 SL : Without stopping to think, I answered the call to stop the phones incessant ringing tune. E-Love, 2001, 198 TL : Tanpa pikir panjang kujawab telepon itu, untuk menghentikan nada deringnya. E-Love, 2001, 77 The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb.

B. Gerund as an Object of verb