Translation, dynamic equivalence is defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially
the same manner as the receptors in the source language. This response can never be identical, for the cultural and historical settings are too different, but there
should be a high degree of equivalence of response, or the translation will have failed to accomplish its purpose.
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If the translator intends to produce the same response from the readers in the SL and the readers in the TL, the translator has to put a
greater emphasis on the dynamic equivalence concept over the formal correspondence. To achieve this, sometimes the translator has use shift.
B. Procedure of Translating
A procedure is the act or manner of proceeding in any action or process. According to Rochayah Machali in Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah, the translation
procedures only focus on the translation of word, phrase, clause, sentences not the whole text.
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The procedures that will be used in this thesis are shift and modulation.
1. Shift
One of the translation procedures is shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, By `shifts we mean departures from formal
14
Nida, E.A. and Charles R.Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1974, p.24
15
Rochayah Machali, Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah, Jakarta: Grasindo, 2000, p.62
correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. There are two major types of `shift. They are level shifts and category shifts.
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a. Category Shift
According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, category-shifts, which are departures from formal correspondence in
translation, consist of structure-shift, class-shift, unit-shift rank-changes, and intra system-shift.
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a Structure Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of
Translation, A structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between the source language and the target language.
18
Example: White house - Gedung putih b
Class Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL
item is a member of a different class from the original item.
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1 SL: The neighbours were hostile to the family.
Adj. TL: Para tetangga memusuhi keluarga tersebut.
Verb
16
J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1965, p.73
17
Ibid., p.76
18
Ibid., p.77
19
Ibid., p.78
c Unit Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of
Translation, by unit-shift we mean changes of rank-that is, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a
unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.
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. Example: These days translated into sekarang from phrase to
word. d
Intra-system Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, we use the term intra-system shift for those cases
where the shift occurs internally, within a system; that is, for those cases where SL and TL possess systems which approximately corres-
pond formally as to their constitution, but when the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.
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For example: Cans translated into kaleng-kaleng. Plural word in English may be translated into reduplication in Indonesian language.
b. Level Shift
According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, by a shift of level we mean that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL
translation equivalent at a different level.
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20
J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1965, p.79
21
Ibid., p.80
22
J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, p.73
Meanwhile, accroding to Peter Newmark in A Textbook of Translation
, A `shift Catfords term or `transposition Vinay and Darbelnet is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from
SL to TL. Transposition is the only translation procedure concerned with grammar, and most translators make transpositions intuitively.
One type, the change from singular to plural, e.g. `furniture; des meubles;
`applause, des applaudissements; `advice, des conseils; or in the position of the adjective: la maison blanche, `the white house is automatic
and offers the translator no choice. A second type of shift is required when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. Here there are always
options. The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL.
The fourth type of transposition is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure
A gerund is included in the second type of shift. The shift is required when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. For example,
the English gerund `Working with you is a pleasure offers many choices. The gerund can be translated by verb-noun le travail, die Arbeit, or a
subordinate clause when, if, etc. I work with you, with a recast main clause, or, in some languages, a noun-infinitive e.g. das Arbeiten, which is
formal style, or an infinitive. Peter Newmark thinks that the gerund is the most neglected of all translators transpositions.
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2. Modulation
In this shift theory, there is also modulation. Modulation has to do with the changes related to the meaning shift, which happens because the
perspective or point of view changes. According to Peter Newmark in A Textbook of Translation
, the modulation procedures are active for passive, abstract for concrete, cause for effect, one part for another, reversal of terms,
space for time, intervals and limits and change of symbols. Of these procedures, `active for passive and vice versa is a common transposition.
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C. Gerund
