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IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Visual Quality Assessment
Visual Quality Assessment for this study location is obtained from the integration of two kinds of analysis process. The first analysis is based on the
result of visual preferences assessment and another analysis is based on the result of visual character variables assessment.
4.1.1. Visual Preferences Assessment
According to the observers’ judgment of all the photos that have been presented, SBE value for each landscape character within the research area can be
acquired. Table 5 shows the calculation of SBE values for three photos of landscape character as samples. The complete calculation for each photo can be
seen in Appendix 3. The SBE values for the 63 photos are presented in Table 6, which have been grouped based on each landscape character in order to obtain the
average SBE value for each landscape character. Table 5. Calculation of SBE Value
Foto 723 Foto 532
Foto 711 Range
f cf
cp z
Range f
cf cp
z Range
f cf
cp z
1 4 60 1.000
1 0 60 1.000
1 3 60 1.000
2 8 56 0.933
1.5 2 1 60 1.000
2.4 2 5 57 0.950 1.65
3 10 48 0.800
0.84 3 2 59 0.983
2.13 3 12 52 0.867 1.11 4
11 38 0.633 0.34 4
2 57 0.950 1.65 4 12 40 0.667 0.43
5 13 27 0.450 -0.13 5
9 55 0.917 1.38 5 12 28 0.467 -0.08
6 11 14 0.233 -0.73 6 18 46 0.767
0.73 6 9 16 0.267 -0.62
7 2 3 0.050 -1.64 7 18
28 0.467 -0.08 7 5 7 0.117 -1.19
8 1 1 0.017 -2.13 8 6
10 0.167 -0.97 8 1 2 0.033 -1.88
9 0 0 0.000 -2.4 9 3 4 0.067 -1.5 9 1 1
0.017 -2.13 10
0 0 0.000 -2.4 10 1 1 0.017 -2.13 10 0 0 0.000 -2.4
Σz -6.75 Σz 3.61
Σz -5.11
z -0.75 z 0.40
z -0.57 SBE = -0.75--0.75x100
SBE = 0.40--0.75x100 SBE =
-0.57--0.75x100 SBE = 0
SBE = 115.11111 SBE = 18.22222
Note: f = frequencies; cf = cumulative frequencies; cp = cumulative probabilities; and z = z scores.
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Table 6. SBE Values for 63 Photos Based on Their Landscape Character
No Landscape Character
Photos SBE Value
Average and Standard Deviation
of SBE Value
111 133.333 112 153.889
113 161.111 121 144.444
122 112.333 123 145.444
131 144.556 132 144.556
1 Sand dune
133 158.778
Average = 144.272
211 144.222 212 123.667
213 152.889 221 137.667
222 160.444 223 151.000
231 130.667 232 142.444
2 Agriculture Land
233 128.222
Average = 141.247
311 118.667 312 148.556
313 166.111 321 146.000
322 127.222 323 145.444
331 81.778 332 87.778
3 Beach
333 163.667
Average = 131.691
411 66.111 412 87.333
413 117.333 421 114.667
422 90.000 423 95.444
431 93.222 432 128.889
4 Woodland
433 114.778
Average = 100.864
511 118.111 512 126.222
513 32.667 521 81.889
522 85.889 523 85.444
531 88.000 532 115.111
5 River
533 78.222
Average = 90.173
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Table 6. Continued
No Landscape Character
Photos SBE Value
Average of SBE Value
611 35.556 612 67.333
613 73.667 621 80.667
622 93.444 623 82.667
631 123.000 632 110.889
6 Scrubland
633 113.444
Average = 86.741
711 18.222 712 64.556
713 32.444 721 54.222
722 72.000 723 0.000
731 73.222 732 67.889
7 Settlement Area
733 49.444
Average = 48.000
The SBE values for each landscape character are then distributed spatially to the map of research area to obtain thematic map of acquired visual preferences
assessment Figure 11. According to this distribution of SBE values, it is shown that sand dunes, agriculture land, and beach are the first three landscape character
with the best visual preferences. Based on the background of the observers giving the judgment, where most of them come from the urban area, it is obvious that all
of those three landscapes are outside of their normal places of their daily activities and residence. That is why the observers could give more appreciation to such
landscapes as those landscapes offer the natural environment that gives a direct contrast to the crowded urban conditions.
Sand dune with its existence among the tropical environment has brought the uniqueness as a landscape character, while the agriculture land has been
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always become one of the favorite scenery, especially in Indonesia, which typically identical to the rural area. Beach is another type of landscape that also
has good visual preferences because of its offering of both naturalness and timelessness, and also it has become an icon of ‘dreams’, as well as a ‘paradise’,
where people can enjoy themselves there Holden, 2000.
Figure 11. Spatial Distribution of SBE Values Woodland, River, and Scrubland are the other landscape character with
medium visual preferences. The observers did not give much of their appreciation to these three landscapes. This is because those landscapes seems as common
views that the observers can also find in their original place or other places, though they still offer the naturalness of environment. Beside that, those
landscapes seem relatively tedious that could not bring the dynamic visualization that can give a good impact to human psychology Rahmafitria, 2004.
Settlement area becomes the landscape with the lowest visual preferences. The settlement area within this study area is dominated with medium to small
houses that is typical to rural area. Unfortunately, there could not found any
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houses with traditional java architecture that make them as a common rural settlement area and have no attractive point as a landscape relatively compared to
other landscape characters within Parangtritis Coastal Area.
4.1.2. Visual Character Variables Assessment