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natural resources of the study area which are integrated with infrastructure for their accessibility consideration can support the supply side of the tourism area.
4.2.1. Landform and Topographic Factor
Based on Landform Map of Parangtritis at 1:10,000 scales Sartohadi, 1991 modified by Analog Map 1:25,000 scales from Bakosurtanal 1996 and
Airborne Photo 1:20,000 from Puspics UGM 2000, the study area is covered by varied landforms as listed in Table 9.
Table 9. Landform and Topography in Parangtritis Coastal Area
No. Landform
Topography Slope
1. Escarpment Very
Steep 90
2. Dome Karsts Steep and Hilly
25 – 45 3. Escarpment
Slightly Steep 15 – 25
4. Karsts Hill Slightly Sloping and Hilly
3 – 8 5. Hilly Foot
Sloping 8 – 15
6. Sand Dunes Slightly Sloping
3 – 8 7. Sandbank
Slightly Flat 1 – 3
8. Beach Slightly Flat
1 – 3 9. Koluvia Plain
Slightly Flat 1 – 3
10. Flood Plain
Flat 1
Among those varied landform, sand dunes are determined as unique landform because of their phenomenal formation and characteristics that are
directly dependent on two key factors: 1 an ample supply of erodible sand, where broad sandy beach with little or no plant cover are clearly the best sources;
and 2 a source of wind energy to drive the sand landward Marsh, 1991. Because of its uniqueness, the sand dunes are given with score of 3 considering its
potential value to be developed as one of tourism resources. The other landforms found unique in study area are hilly foot and
escarpment at the hilly bank of Batur Agung Hill. Based on the topography and slope, especially the escarpment can be differentiated into two kinds of unit
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landform, which are the one with very steep topography and another one with slightly steep topography. Considering its potential value to be developed for
tourism activity, only escarpment with slightly steep topography considered as unique landform with score of 3, because it is still possible to be accessed as view
points. The similar reason is used for hilly bank, which also considered as unique landform with score of 3, as VMS in Rahmafitria 2004 also argued that the
landform with sloping to slightly steep and also hilly can give the unique, dynamic and more interesting impression to the landform.
Beside those unique landforms, the study area is generally dominated by landforms with slightly flat to slightly sloping topography, such as beach,
sandbanks, and koluvia plains. Those landforms are categorized as dominant landform with score of 2 considering their size and their values as tourism
resources for future development. The very steep topography is believed to be delicate area for tourism
activity; either it can not be used for climbing activity due to dense of vegetation covering. Because of this reason and the size of the area that is not very
significant to be considered for tourism activities, the escarpment with very steep topography is considered as fair landform with score of 1. The other types of
landform, such as dome karsts, karsts hill, and flood plain are also considered as fair landform. The distribution of rated landforms and topographic factors
spatially can be seen in Figure 19.
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Figure 19. Map of Landform and Topographic Factors
4.2.2. Hydrology Factor
