Developing Touring Plan Using Geographic Information System Based on Visual, Natural, and Cultural Quality in Parangtritis Coastal Area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

DEVELOPING TOURING PLAN USING

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON

VISUAL, NATURAL, AND CULTURAL QUALITIES

IN PARANGTRITIS COASTAL AREA,

YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

MEITY SETIAWATY

GRADUATE SCHOOL

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

2006

STATEMENT

I, Meity Setiawaty, here by stated that this thesis entitled:

Developing Touring Plan Using Geographic Information System Based on Visual, Natural, and Cultural Qualities in Parangtritis Coastal Area,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia

is the result of my own work during the period of April until September 2006 and

that it has not been published before. The content of the thesis has been examined

by the advising committee and the external examiner.

Bogor, November 2006

DEVELOPING TOURING PLAN USING

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON

VISUAL, NATURAL, AND CULTURAL QUALITIES

IN PARANGTRITIS COASTAL AREA,

YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA

MEITY SETIAWATY

A Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science of Bogor Agricultural University

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FOR NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

GRADUATE SCHOOL

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

November 2006

AKNOWLEDGMENT

It has been a great pleasure for me to have this study accomplished, which has been a great work during those 6 months time. There are many people who have been very helpful in regard to this work. Therefore, I would like to gratefully acknowledge the great contributions of the following individuals to this work:

1. Dr. Yuli Suharnoto, MEng and Dr. Siti Nurisjah, MSLA as my supervisor and co-supervisor, as well as Dr. Anton B. Wijanarto as the external examiner.

2. Ibu Dewayany Soetrisno, Bapak Suwahyuono, Ibu Niendya, Bapak Ari

Dartoyo, Bapak Suprajaka, and all staffs in PSSDAL Bakosurtanal for the helps and supports during the research.

3. Bapak Nyoman Sukmantalaya, Bapak Anto, Bapak Budi, and all staffs in

Geospatial Lab. of Parangtritis for the valuable supports and helps, especially during the field survey.

4. Bapak Tlau Sakti Santosa from Tourism Office of Bantul Regency, for the expertise and valuable helps.

5. Pak Jaka and Pak Arry for a great chance of working together as a team; Ferrari and Wenwen, who have been very helpful during the mapping process; Mba Ati and Pak Yuni for the great supports, helps, and valuable advices. 6. All the respondents and also the experts who have given their judgment for the

necessity of this study accomplishment, especially for: Bapak A.B. Suriadi from Bakosurtanal, Bapak Qodarian Pramukanto from Dept. of Landscape Arch. IPB, Bapak Irwan Ariefyanto from Republika, Rahman Andra and Pak Iman P. from Sheils Flynn Asia, Mba Elis and Mas Dendi from Envirospace Indonesia.

7. Vera DD who have been very helpful during the study; Mba Atha and Mba

Oly who always be there for me; Mba Yusi, Mas Iwan, and Bapak Yudi Rizka for the great suggestions and corrections.

8. Finally, with all my honor, love, and respect, to my parents, and all my brother and sisters, as well as my nieces and nephews, who always be the great motivation and inspiration to this work.

CURRICULUM VITAE

Meity Setiawaty was born in Pontianak, West Kalimantan,

Indonesia on May 18, 1978. She finished her undergraduate

study of Landscape Architecture from Faculty of

Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University in 2001. From

the year of 2001 to 2004, she worked as a lecturer assistant

at the same institution for Site Analysis and Landscape Planning Lectures.

During the same time, she also worked as researcher assistant in doing some

research projects majoring Urban and Tourism Landscape Planning for some local

government institutions.

In the year of 2004, Meity Setiawaty is registered as one of the students in

program of MSc in Information Technology for Natural Resources Management,

Bogor Agricultural University. She finished her study there in 2006. Her thesis

was on “Developing Touring Plan Using Geographic Information System Based

on Visual, Natural, and Cultural Qualities in Parangtritis Coastal Area,

ABSTRACT

MEITY SETIAWATY (2006). Developing Touring Plan Using Geographic

Information System Based on Visual, Natural, and Cultural Qualities in Parangtritis Coastal Area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Under the supervision of YULI SUHARNOTO and SITI NURISJAH.

Parangtritis is one of tourist destination place in Indonesia that is visited by plenty of visitors because of its local legend of Kanjeng Ratu Kidul and its beautiful landscape and scenery of beach, as well as many other varieties of tourism objects, which are rarely including in a touring system that can serve the visitors with informative and recreative interpretation within the current tourism management. The objective of this study is studying on developing a touring plan in coastal area of Parangtritis based on its visual, natural, and cultural quality assessment. Those three aspects of quality are used as the basic consideration for site assessment in acquiring the potential tourism area, which is subsequently used in developing a touring system.

Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) and visual character variables assessment are used in assessing the visual quality of the study area. The technique of potential zones mapping applied by Gunn (1994) combined with cartographic regionalization (Smith, 1989) are used in assessing both natural and cultural quality of the area. GIS technology is used in this study, especially to perform spatial analysis in integrating those three resources assessments to obtain a composite result considered as potential tourism area.

The assessments of the study area explain that Parangtritis Area has a good quality of visual, natural, and cultural resources that are potential to be developed as tourism resources and attractions. In general, Parangtritis is dominated with high to medium quality of potential area for tourism, which includes beach, sand dunes, woodlands, and a big part of agricultural area.

Based on those potential area and existing tourism objects, there are three touring alternatives that have been developed in this study by using the concept of developing an interpretive track, as adopted from Damayanti (2003). The first touring alternative is developed by visiting all the potential nodes without classifying the tourism resources. The second one is developed by classifying the visited stops based on natural and cultural tourism resources, and the last alternative is developed by focusing on the conservation values of the natural factors of coastal environment, spiritual cultural resources, and the traditional livelihood of the local community. According to the prioritizing process using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, Touring Alternative 3, which has the highest priority for the criteria of educational benefits, is perceived to be the most preferable alternative as the potential tourism network in Parangtritis Coastal Area.

Research Title : Developing Touring Plan Using Geographic Information System Based on Visual, Natural, and Cultural Quality in Parangtritis Coastal Area, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Name : Meity Setiawaty

Student ID : G051040081

Study Program : Master of Science in Information Technology for Natural

Resource Management

Approved by, Advisory Board

Dr. Ir. Yuli Suharnoto, MEng Dr. Ir. Siti Nurisjah, MSLA

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Endorsed by,

Program Coordinator Dean of the Graduate School

Dr. Ir. Tania June, MSc Dr. Ir. Khairil A. Notodiputro, M.Sc

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT …..……… i

AKNOWLEDGEMENT ……..……… ii

CURRICULUM VITAE ……… iii

ABSTRACT ……….. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… vi

LIST OF TABLE ……… ix

LIST OF FIGURE ……… x

I. INTRODUCTION ……… 1

1.1. Background ……… 1

1.2. Objectives ……… 4

1.3. Scope of Study ………...…... 4

II. LITERATURE REVIEW ……… 6

2.1. Coastal Zone ……… 6

2.2. Tourism ……… 7

2.3. Tourism Landscape Planning ... 9

2.4. Visual Quality …...……… 12

2.5. Interpretation of Tourism Site ……… 13

2.6. Geographic Information System ……… 15

2.7. Analytical Hierarchy Process … ……… 18

2.8. Coastal Area of Parangtritis ……… 19

III. METHODOLOGY ……….……… 22

3.1. Time and Location of Study ………...……… 22

3.2. Method of Study ……….……… 23

3.2.1. Flowchart of Study ……….……… 23

3.2.3. Analysis ……….. ……… 25

3.2.3.1. Visual Quality Assessment ……... 25

3.2.3.2. Natural and Cultural Element Assessment …. 31 3.2.4. Synthesis……… 35

3.2.4.1. Acquiring the Potential Tourism Area ……… 35

3.2.4.2. Developing Touring Plan Alternatives ……... 36

3.2.4.3. Analytical Hierarchy Process ………. 38

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ………... 41

4.1. Visual Quality Assessment ………. 41

4.1.1. Visual Preferences Assessment ………. 41

4.1.2. Visual Character Variables Assessment ……… 45

4.1.3. Visual Quality of Parangtritis Coastal Area ..…………. 46

4.2. Natural Quality Assessment ……….. 50

4.2.1. Landform and Topographic Factor ………. 51

4.2.2. Hydrology Factor ………... 53

4.2.3. Vegetation Factor ……….. 54

4.2.4. Supporting Factor ……….. 55

4.2.5. Natural Quality of Parangtritis Coastal Area …………. 57

4.3. Cultural Resources Assessment ……… 59

4.3.1. Legend and Historic Factor………. 59

4.3.2. Architectural Factor ………... 60

4.3.3. Ethnical Factor ……….. 62

4.3.4. Tourism Economic Factor ………. 63

4.3.5. Cultural Quality of Parangtritis Coastal Area………... 64

4.5. Developing Touring Plan Alternatives with Interpretation

Concept ……… 69

4.5.1. Touring Alternative 1 ……… 69

4.5.2. Touring Alternative 2 ……… 73

4.5.3. Touring Alternative 3 ……… 77

4.6. Prioritizing Touring Plan Alternatives Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) ……….…… 82

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ….……… 85

REFFERENCES ……….. 88

LIST OF TABLE

No. Caption Page

1. Data Inventory and Collecting Methods ……….. 24

2. Hardware and Software Used in Research Process ………. 30

3. Criteria for Scoring the Visual Character Aspects ……….. 34

4. Weighted Factors in Parangtritis Coastal Area ……… 35

5. Calculations of SBE Value ……….. 41

6. SBE Values for 63 Photos Based on Their Landscape Character ... 42

7. Average Scores of Visual Character Variables for Each Landscape Character in Parangtritis Coastal Area ……… 45

8. Landscape Characters in Parangtritis Area with Their Visual Quality ………. 49

9. Landform and Topography in Parangtritis Coastal Area …………. 51

10. Cultural Factors and Quality in Each Neighborhood ……….. 66

11. Themes and Objectives for Each Stop along Touring Alternative 1 70 12. Themes and Objectives for Each Stop along Touring Alternative 2 74 13. Themes and Objectives for Each Stop along Touring Alternative 3 78 14. Matrix of Pairwise Comparison for Criteria Contributing to the Goal ………. 82

15. Pairwise Comparison for Alternatives Respecting to The Criteria 83 16. The Composite or Global Priorities of the Alternatives ………….. 84

LIST OF FIGURE

No. Caption Page

1. Framework of Study ……… 5

2. A Development Guideline for Coastal Beaches (Source: Simonds, 1978) ……… 7

3. Functioning Components of Supply (Source: Gunn, 1994) ……... 10

4. Study Location ………. 22

5. Flowchart of Study………... 23

6. Landscape Character Map of Parangtritis Coastal Area ………….. 26

7. Landform Map of Parangtritis Coastal Area ………... 32

8. Village Map of Parangtritis ………. 33

9. Composite Mapping Process Based on Resource Factors ……….. 35

10. Hierarchy Structure of AHP Method ……….. 40

11. Spatial Distribution of SBE Values ………. 44

12. Spatial Distribution of Visual Character Variables Score ………... 47

13. Visual Quality Map of Parangtritis Coastal Area ……… 47

14. Landscape Characters with Very High Visual Quality …………... 48

15. Landscape Characters with High Visual Quality ……… 48

16. Landscape Characters with Medium Visual Quality ………... 48

17. Landscape Characters with Low Visual Quality ……… 50

18. Landscape Characters with Very Low Visual Quality ……… 50

19. Map of Landform and Topographic Factors ……… 53

20. Map of Hydrology Factor of Parangtritis Coastal Area ………….. 54

21. Map of Vegetation Factor of Parangtritis Coastal Area ………….. 55

22. Condition of Each Type of Infrastructure in Parangtritis Area …... 56

23. Map of Supporting Factor of Parangtritis Coastal Area …………. 57

24. Natural Resources Quality Map of Parangtritis Coastal Area ……. 58

25. Map of Legend and Historical Factor in Parangtritis Coastal Area 60 26. Some Houses with Dominant Architectural Style ………... 61

28. Map of Architectural Factor of Parangtritis Coastal Area ……….. 62

29. Map of Ethnical Factor in Parangtritis Coastal Area ……….. 63

30. Map of Tourism Economic Factor in Parangtritis Coastal Area …. 65 31. Cultural Resources Quality Map of Parangtritis Coastal Area …… 65

32. Map of Potential Tourism Area Based on Visual, Natural, and Cultural Resources Quality ……….. 68

33. The Layout of Touring Alternative 1 ……….. 72

34. Number of Potential Stops Along The Touring Alternative 1 ……. 73

35. The Layout of Touring Alternative 2 ……….. 76

36. Potential Stops Along The Touring Alternative 2 ………... 77

37. Potential Stops Along The Touring Alternative 3 ………... 80

38. The Layout of Touring Alternative 3 ……….. 81

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Tourism is now one of the world’s biggest industries and will continue to

have significant role over the coming years. Over the past several decades, the

tourism industry has become one of the fastest growing industries within the

services sector. The level of contribution of the tourism industry to many

countries’ economic growth, like in Indonesia, has shown an increase over the years. Tourism can create jobs, generate spending, stimulate business activity,

support local amenities and conservation, and add to the vitality and attractiveness

of places. Tourism must be properly managed, if its full potential is to be

realized.

In Indonesia, tourism industry has been giving a large contribution to the

country’s economic growth, especially in increasing the national income as the

third biggest contributor after oil and gas, and textile industry until 1997 (Tim

KLH and UNDP in Roslita, 2001). Though it has showed deprivation trends for

the last decades because of world economic crisis, but it still perform as a

promising industry for the country to be developed in future time. Its importance

is set to grow even more as the economy transforms into a post-industrial society.

With the rapid economic expansion that many countries have experienced, it is

highly likely that the tourism industry will be the main driver to bring about both

economic and social evolution∗).

It is the existing potentials of the diversity of cultural, arts and natural

beauty of Indonesia that have become the basis of tourism development in

Indonesia∗). They also become important resources that play an essential role in

tourism industry. Indonesia is an archipelago country in South Asia that is

enriched with varied landscape forms and tropical natural beauty, as well as has a

large variety of cultural assets. There are many beautiful and attractive places all

over the country, either because of the cultural or natural beauty or even both of

them, which become very popular tourist destination places. Indonesia is also

known as one of the biggest tropical tourism destinations. It has the second

longest shoreline than any other countries in the world. The coastline has long

been a magnet for tourists, which has raised concerns about sustainable

development. Indonesia has plenty of beaches that become the famous tourist

destination places. One of the most famous beaches is the one that is located on

south coast of Java Island, namely Parangtritis Beach.

Parangtritis Beach is located on the south coast of Central Java, about 27

km to the south of Yogyakarta. It is the local legend that has claimed the

Parangtritis Beach as the location of the palace of Kanjeng Ratu Kidul, the ruler of

the Southern Ocean invisible world. It also has an important meaning based on

the history of Mataram Kingdom, which views the Parangtritis Beach as a part of

Merapi Mount – Kesultanan Palace – Parangtritis Beach trilogy. This kind of

trilogy is very strongly influenced by Javanese culture in which these three

components are associated with the unity of Agni – Udaka – Maruta trilogy

(Surono and Soelist, 1997).

∗

Regardless the truth, the Parangtritis beach is one of tourism site that is

visited by plenty of visitors from other places, both from domestic and abroad.

Unlike the other beaches that are normally associated with light colored sand,

Parangtritis Beach is covered with black colored sand, a specialty of Javanese

beaches due to the presence of volcanoes (Mahdzan, 2003). What is more, the

presence of sand dunes, as one of unique natural phenomena on earth, in this area

has added the quality of natural beauty of this destination. The sand dune

phenomenon in this area is the only one that can be found in Indonesia, even in

South East Asia. Moreover, at the site, there are many other interesting tourism

objects beside its famous beach, such as Parangwedang Hot Spring, Cepuri

Parangkusumo, Parangkusumo Beach, Maulana Maghribi grave yard, and Syeh

Belu-Belu grave yard.

Even though Parangtritis Beach has already known as tourist destination

place with its variety of tourism objects, but it is rarely including in a touring

system that serve the visitors with informative and recreative interpretation within

the current tourism management. The current tourism management still tends to

put emphasis on the value of each separate object within the coastal area with less

information about the area as a whole.

Concerning that issue, it is important to develop a touring plan for the

tourism network in the coastal area of Parangtritis integrated with the

interpretation of its local quality of natural, visual, and cultural factors. That

interpretive touring plan may lead to the successfulness of conservation and

conservation indirectly, by provoking the visitors about the significance values of

the tourism objects as well as tourism sites (Damayanti, 2003).

1.2. Objectives

The main objectives of this study is studying on developing a touring plan

in coastal area of Parangtritis based on its visual, natural, and cultural quality

assessments. Specifically, the objectives are:

! to analyze the visual quality of the study area based on its scenic beauty estimation integrated with the visual character consideration;

! to analyze the natural and cultural quality of the coastal area of

Parangtritis;

! to make an integration among the visual quality assessment result and the natural quality as well as the cultural quality to obtain a potential tourism

area and potential stops within the coastal area of Parangtritis; and

! to prioritize the most preferable touring plan that will be the linkage among the potential stops or tourism objects within the coastal area of

Parangtritis.

1.3. Scope of Study

The main interest of this study is developing a touring plan in coastal area

of Parangtritis by assessing its potencies of visual, natural, as well as cultural

elements. The assessment of natural elements will characterize the natural quality

of the area. Meanwhile, visual element will be evaluated based on the scenic

together with visual character assessment which later will describe the visual

element. This assessment will evaluate the cultural pattern influences on the site

which usually represented by a variety of cultural forms, such as festivals,

architecture, historic sites, artistic performances, and heritage sites, as well as any

experiences that bring one culture in contact within the area.

All those three factors will be integrated in ranking from the most

potentially attractive area to the less ones for tourism within the coastal area of

Parangtritis. This arrangement together with interpretation program will be

considered in sequencing the visitor movement within the tourism area so that the

visitors can be served not only with the experiences of enjoying the visiting but

also with the informative interpretation of the sites they visit. The framework of

this study is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Framework of Study

Coastal Area of Parangtritis

Cultural Element Natural Element

Scenic Visual Character Spatial

Analysis

Spatial Analysis

Cultural Quality

Potential Tourism Area

Interpretation Program

Visual Element

Natural Quality _{Visual Quality}

Spatial Analysis

Selected Touring Plan Scenarios with Experts Judgment for The most Preferable Tourism Network

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Coastal Zone

Simonds (1978) viewed coastal zone as the area where land and ocean

meet. It is characterized by the wave that roll in to break upon sandy beaches, and

the wind currents strong, as well as the sufficient supply of sands. A rise of dunes

may be formed to the landward, and in rare cases these may tower to a height of

500 feet above mean sea level. The arrangement of beaches, dunes, and the

associated tidal wetlands has been perfectly formed by nature to serve as a

resilient buffer against the onslaught of the wind and sea.

Sain and Knecht (1998) also defined coastal zone as the place where the

waters of the seas meets the land, which is indeed the unique place in global

geography. What is more, the coasts are unique in a very real economic sense as

sites for port and harbor facilities, as well as the most productive and richest

habitats on earth as resulting bounty in fishes and other marine life. They are also

highly valued and greatly attractive as sites for resorts and as vacation

destinations, as well as valuable in many other ways.

But all those values can be easily diminished or even lost if the coasts are

being overused in any type, as there are definable limits to the amount of use to

which a beach can be subjected (Simonds, 1978). The presence of large and

growing populations in the world’s coastal areas creates major problems,

especially in developing countries, where more people in the coastal zones means

more pollution of coastal waters, more pressure on nearby natural resources, and

Obviously, the tendency of ever greater numbers of population migrating

to the coastal areas and also faster growing tourism industry based on the

resources have been causing serious pressure on these areas that could put the

value and productivity of them at risk. Unless effective step to manage these

areas are taken soon (Sain and Knecht, 1998). More specific, Simonds (1978)

argued a guideline in developing coastal beaches and wetlands, where all land

below the natural mean high water line should be in public ownership. A building

setback line from the beach should extend to the landward toe of the primary

dune, where one exists, or to the limits of highly productive or essential

stabilizing growth. Within conservation areas limited development may occur as

long as the more important landscape features are protected (Figure 2).

Figure 2. A development guideline for coastal beaches (Source: Simonds, 1978)

2.2. Tourism

Tourism is often associated with travel for pleasure. But actually it is not

all about the pleasure things, though nowadays tourism term always use as

synonymous as travel, as what Gunn (1994) has cited that tourism is defined as all

travel with the exception of commuting. More over, he also argued the most

people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the

activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities

created to cater to their need. Tourism implies travel from one place to another.

Tourism can also be viewed as a system of generating areas connected to

destinations by routes traveled between these two sets of locations (Boniface and

Cooper in Gunn, 1994).

The purpose of traveling in tourism can be varied. It is explained with

another definition of tourism proposed by World Tourism Organization and UN

Statistical Commission in Holden (2000) that tourism comprises the activities of

persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not

more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes. It is no

doubt that tourism for leisure is the most usual form of tourism, but there are still

many other types of tourism. It is endorsed by Davidson in Holden (2000) that

recreation or leisure is the main type of tourism, which includes travel for

holidays, sports, cultural events, and visiting friends and relatives, but people also

travel for business, study or education, religious and health purposes.

The main reason of why people visiting one place is that there is such

certain magnetism about that place. Gunn (1994) noted that the reasons are

grounded in the destination’s resources, natural and cultural, and the attractions

that relate to them. Generally the term ‘natural resources’ refers to five basic

natural features: waters, topographic changes, vegetations, wildlife, and climate.

Natural resources are very critical in supporting outdoor recreation that has been a

major travel purpose for many years. Cultural resources include all resources

included in this category are prehistoric sites, historic sites, places of ethnicity,

lore, and education; industries, trade centers, and galleries; and sites important for

entertainment, health, sports, and religion. Both of these two categories of

resources may also be used to classify attractions that are found in a tourist

destination place. Furthermore, Smith (1989) categorized the attractive factors in

a tourism site in five main categories, which are natural factors, cultural and social

factors, historical factors, recreational factors, and tourism infrastructure factors.

The attractions of a destination constitute the most powerful component of

the supply side of tourism. Attractions are those developed locations that are

planned and managed for visitor interest, activity, and enjoyment (Gunn, 1994).

Kelly (1998) concurs that the primary type of the attractions in a tourist

destination is the one that is mostly emphasized in tourism product which is being

marketed and delivered, such as ecotourism, nature tourism, adventure tourism,

getaway and stay, and cultural tourism.

2.3. Tourism Landscape Planning

Gunn (1994) noted that tourism cannot be planned without understanding

the interrelationships among the several parts of the supply side, which is

commonly associated with tourism site/product, especially as they relate to market

demand that is associated with population or visitors. In order to satisfy this

market demand, a variety of development and services as the supply side must be

well provided. How well this supply side matches the market is the key to reach

Gunn (1994) also viewed supply as composed of four components:

transportation, attractions, services and information and promotion, which are

related one to another. Tourism planning should identify opportunities in all five

components of supply (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Functioning Components of Supply (Source: Gunn, 1994)

Moreover, Kelly (1998) defined each of those five components in more

details. Transportation has to be considered on two levels. First is the linkage

between the tourists' place of origin and their destination; the second is the

destination region's transportation network. Attractions, which should be

explicitly expanded to include events, function in two ways in successful tourism

planning. One is they are the magnets that often entice a person to travel to a

particular destination, that dreamed experience, and second they are part of the

real tourism experience of a destination region. Service is the other significant

experience generating component of tourism. The focus of this component is

accommodation, and food and beverage establishments and their personnel. The

last structural component is information and promotion. It is important to provide

each tourist market segment with information and promotional materials that

Attraction

Transportation

Information Services

create the experience expectation and bring tourists to a destination. Another

aspect of these two components is providing good signage in the destination

region to ease and direct movement of people.

Gunn (1994) referred that a good tourism planning can provide betterment

of tourism that can enhance visitor satisfactions, improve the tourism economy,

stop the resource degradation and protect the resource assets, as well as enhance

the social and economic life of community integrated in the area. Kelly (1998)

emphasized that a successful tourism plan should take community vision and

community involvement that reflects the willingness of local residents to go the

cost necessary to support tourism in their living space. He also implied that

implementation and action plans are a must in tourism planning in order to create

coordination among people and organizations in a destination area. Monitoring

and evaluation are important to measure the success of the plan and to modify it if

it is not working out. It is unnecessary to measure everything about a plan; select

several key indicators and work with those over time.

In order to achieve a certain desired goals, tourism planning needs to be

approached at three different scales. The range of scale in tourism planning could

be from site specific physical plans to intermediary community and regional

destination plans to national policy plans. The site scale planning is an individual

property development. On the other hand, the destination planning works on a

destination zone that is formed from several primary elements including the

community, attractions, and traveler access and linkage between the communities

regional planning is needed when the greatest potential for a region or nation are

desired to determine (Gunn, 1994, 1997)

2.4. Visual Quality

Laurie (1975) defined landscape evaluation as the comparative

relationships between two or more landscapes in terms of assessments of visual

quality. In this context, assessments are the process of recording visual quality

through an observer’s aesthetic appreciation of intrinsic visual qualities or

characteristics within the landscape. Essentially, visual quality evaluation is but

one form of sensory perception of landscape and only one aspect of

comprehensive landscape evaluation for regional planning purposes.

There is another term used to express the visual quality of a landscape:

landscape aesthetics or landscape scenic beauty. As Porteous (1996) referred to

aesthetic is clearly of vital importance to the human sense of well-being and it

involves the art of discrimination of making judgments. Daniel and Boster (1976)

used scenic beauty in expressing human judgment of the environment visually in

response to his perception of a landscape. Moreover, they cited that landscape

scenic beauty is one of the most important of our natural resources.

Laurie (1975) cited that the need of visual quality in landscape evaluation

is commonly accepted as a product of the increased pressure of landscape changes

and of a growing need to protect the scenic qualities of the landscape as a resource

in limited supply. Evaluation in landscape may be either purely philosophic and

the fields of geography, planning, environmental psychology, economics, and

landscape design.

In assessing landscape aesthetics are not just a matter of qualitative

assessment, but it also requires quantitative assessment, as Fabos has referred in

Porteous (1996) that the familiar, vague, and subjective feelings about beauty,

expressed with emotion alone, are not enough. Quantitative assessment

techniques will ultimately provide that needed scientific rigor on which a new era

of planning and design can expand.

Daniel and Boster (1976) applied a method in measuring landscape visual

quality, namely Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE). The general procedure of this

method is starting with determining the vantage point or observer position, taking

a photograph on selected landscape features or components, selecting photos that

should represent a particular landscape feature or component, and showing the

photographic representations to observers and obtaining their judgments.

2.5. Interpretation of Tourism Site

Alderson and Low (1996) cited the term of interpretation as both a

program and an activity. The program establishes a set of objectives for the things

we want our visitor to understand, meanwhile the activity has to do with the skills

and techniques by which that understanding is created. Essentially, how well the

visitor can understand the important meanings and relationships of the site they

visit depends on the program and the activity that together make up the

Veverka implied definition of interpretation that is defined as a

communication process designed to reveal meanings and relationships of our

cultural and natural resources to the public, through first hand experiences with

objects, artifacts, landscapes, or sites∗). Knudson et.al. (1995) emphasized this

definition by arguing that interpretation helps people to gain a sense of place, to

respond to the beauty of their environment, and the significance of their cultural

surroundings. How well the visitor understands the important meanings and

relationships of the site become the final product of the interpretive effort.

Interpretation is not just information that in many cases only presents

answers to questions that visitors are not asking. Interpretive communication

takes the information by transforming and translating the information into the

language of the visitor. To be truly "interpretive", the message (interpretive panel,

brochure, etc.) must follow the following criteria:

! The communication must first provoke the attention or curiosity of the audience.

! Relate to the everyday life of the visitor – tell them "why they need to know this information".

! Reveal the key concepts of the message or story through a unique

viewpoint – save the surprise ending or answer for last.

! Address the Whole – illustrate to the visitor how each individual stop along the byway relates to the larger main interpretive theme or

educational concept of the total byway experience or story.

∗)

! Has Message Unity– the design and presentation of the interpretive media along the total byway will have a uniformed themed look (design, fonts,

historic dating, etc.).

2.6. Geographic Information System

Geographic information system (GIS) is a science of spatial information

based on convergence of the technological fields and conventional disciplines. It

acts as an inventory tool, analysis tool, and management tool. It essentially helps

in transformation of the discrete raw data via overlays into information for

decision making process (Krishna et al, 2000).

Geographic Information System is a very powerful tool in combination of

different types of data. It is defined as a powerful set of tools for collecting,

storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from a real

world for a particular set of purpose. GIS allows the combination of different

kinds of data using models. GIS allows for the combination of the different kinds

of spatial data, with non-spatial data, attribute data and use them as useful

information in the various stages of spatial analysis (Gupta, 2000). Gunn (1994)

concurs that GIS is a very helpful tools in tourism planning process, as it can

assure that the speed and accuracy of performing computer mapping and spatial

analysis are improved greatly.

There are three important stages of working with GIS, as referred from de

By (2000):

! Data Entry, which is the early stage to collecting data about the study and get them prepared to be entered into the system.

! Data Analysis; which is the middle stage, while within this stage, the data is reviewed to discover some desired information or solution.

! Data Presentation; the final stage in which the results of earlier analysis are presented in appropriate way.

GIS provides a tool for effective and efficient storage and manipulation of

remotely sensed data and other spatial and non-spatial data types for both

scientific management and policy oriented information. This can be used to

facilitate measurement, mapping, monitoring and modeling of variety of data

types related to natural phenomenon. GIS can play a role at the following levels

(Banger, 2000):

! National level:

At national level, GIS can provide useful information at such a general level.

The objective is to give an inventory of many kind of specific information

within the areas affected or threatened for an entire country. Mapping scales

will be in order of 1:1,000,000 or smaller.

! Regional level:

At regional level the use of GIS is intended for planner in the early phase of

regional development projects or large engineering projects. GIS can be

utilized more for analysis at this scale, although the type of analysis will

mostly be qualitative, due to the lack of detailed information. But it can be

used to investigate the potential area on the development of rural, urban or

infrastructural projects. The areas to be investigated are large, generally

data is still rather low. Typical mapping scales for this level are between

1:100,000 and 1:1,000,000.

! Medium level:

At this level GIS can be used for the pre-feasibility study of developmental

management programs, at all inter-municipal or district level. Typical

mapping scale is in the order of 1:25,000 - 1:100,000. Slope information at

this scale is sufficiently detailed to generate Digital Elevation Models, and

derivative products such as slope maps.

! Local level:

The level of application is typically that of a municipality. The use of GIS at

this level is intended for planner to formulate programs at feasibility levels.

Typical mapping scales are 1:5,000 - 1:25,000. The details of information will

be high, including for example cadastral information. The size of area under

study is in the order of several tenths of square kilometer, indicating the

probability of occurrence for mapping units, with areas down to one hectare or

less.

! Site investigation scale:

At site investigation scale GIS is used in the planning and design of

engineering structure and in detail engineering measures to address the

management action on site. Typical mapping scale are 1:2,000 or larger.

Nearly all of the data is of a quantitative nature. GIS is basically used for the

data management, and not for data analysis, since mostly external

deterministic models are used for that, as 3D GIS can be of great use at this

2.7. Analytical Hierarchy Process

Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is a systematic method for comparing

a list of objectives or alternatives. It is a comprehensive, logical, and structured

framework that allows improving understanding of complex decisions by

decomposing the problem in a hierarchical structure. The method will be

performed based on the three principles of AHP∗):

! Decomposition of the decision problem

! Comparative judgment of the elements

! Synthesis of the priorities.

The incorporation of all relevant decision criteria, and their pair wise

comparison allows the decision maker to determine the trade-offs among

objectives. This procedure recognizes and incorporates the knowledge and

expertise of the participants. It makes use of their subjective judgments, which is a

particularly important feature for decisions to be made on a poor information

base∗).

In the AHP, elements of a problem are compared in pairs with respect to

their relative impact on a property they share in common. A 1–9 scale is used in

the comparison, with 1 for representing the comparison value if the two objectives

are equal in importance, 3 if an elementis weakly more important than the other

one, 5 if the elementis strongly more important than the other one, 7 if itis very

strongly more important than the other one, and 9 is for absolutely more important

than the other. The values of 2, 4, 6, and 8 will represent the scale of intermediate

values between two adjacent judgments (Saaty and Kearns, 1985). A hierarchical

∗)

structure is used to illustrate the problem. The hierarchy is structured from the top

(Level 1: the goal of the study), through intermediate levels (Level 2: criteria on

which subsequent levels depend) to the lowest level, which is usually a list of

alternatives (Saaty and Kearns, 1985).

2.8. Coastal Area of Parangtritis

Based on the local legend, Parangtritis Coastal Area is believed to be

founded at the same time as the arrival of Dipokusumo, a fugitive from the

Empire of Majapahit. The term of Parangtritis is believed to be taken from

Javanese terms of Parang tumaritis, which mean dropping water (tumaritis) that

comes from top of the stone (parang), which is located near the meditation place

of Dipokusumo (Surono and Soelist, 1997).

Located about 27 km to the south of Yogyakarta, Parangtritis Beach has

long been famous, not only as a beach resort where sand-dunes, sandy beaches

and rocky cliffs meet, but also as a historical place closely linked to the

mysterious legend of the Queen of the South Sea, "Kanjeng Ratu Kidul".

Together with her confidant, the feared Nyai or Nyi Roro Kidul, the ever youthful

and beautiful queen, Kanjeng Ratu Kidul reigns over sea-nymphs and spirits.

According to legend, any person wearing clothing colored green will be lure into

the sea by the Queen and to their fate - a superstition firmly entrenched in the

minds of all Javanese; even as far North as Jakarta (Birchall, 1997).

The legend of Nyi Roro Kidul herself is very popular. Before turning into

daughter of King Mundangwangi and his first wife∗). The popularity of Dewi

Kandita and her mother Dewi Rembulan was beyond doubt. They were known

for their beauty, kindness and friendliness, and people loved them. However, the

misery of their lives began when Dewi Mutiara, another wife of King

Mundangwangi, became green with envy and grew ambitions to become the first

wife, thereby deserving full affection and attention from the king.

Dewi Mutiara's dream came true when one day she bore the son that the

king had long been yearning for. Through the assistance of a witch, Dewi Mutiara

made the king's wives Dewi Rembulan and Dewi Kandita suffer from 'strange'

disease, with their bodies covered with scabies that created the odor of fish. The

disease led them to be sent into exile in the forest where later Dewi Rembulan

died. After a long, hard and helpless journey, the scabies-covered Dewi Kandita

eventually arrived at a beach where she met a young, handsome man who

promised to cure her illness. At the request of the young man, Dewi Kandita

chased after him as he ran along the beach. When she reached the water, the man

disappeared and, to her surprise, all the scabies had disappeared but, strangely, she

could not move her legs. Half her body, from the waist down, had turned into the

body of a fish. Since then she became a sea-nymph, and the locals believe that

Nyi Roro Kidul is the manifestation of Dewi Kandita.

In some discussion of historical legend of Mataram Empire is always

related to the trilogy of Parangtritis Beach, Mount Merapi, and Yogyakarta Palace

(Kraton). It is believed there is a south axis connecting Mount Merapi, the

Kraton and Parangtritis Beach. The legends say that Kanjeng Ratu Kidul was

∗)

married to one of the Mataram Monarchs, Panembahan Senopati, a ruler of the

mighty Mataram Kingdom, whom she visited and enjoyed his company on certain

occasions. The Western section of Parangtritis beach - Parangkusumo Beach - is

believed to have been the meeting place between the two mighty rulers; that of the

sea and of the land (Birchall, 2002). Related to this, 'Labuhan' is performed there

every year, on the 30th day of the Javanese month of 'Rejeb'. It is the ceremony

of offerings given to Kanjeng Ratu Kidul that consist of fingernail cuttings and

hair of the Sultan of Yogyakarta, food and clothing - all cast into the sea in the

hope that the Sultan and the people of Yogyakarta will have continuous peace and

prosperity. The same ceremony is held on top of Mount Merapi and Lawu

(Birchall, 2002).

According to legend, volcanic activity also occurred at Parangkusumo

Beach. This resulted in a formation of rocks supposedly where the Sultan of

Yogyakarta and Kajeng Ratu Kidul met to discuss the well-being of the people of

Yogyakarta - and of their love for each other. Upon this formation of rock was

built a small rest house. On two special nights - Friday and Tuesday Kliwon

according to the Javanese calendar - people come from all over to meditate in the

spiritual ambience. Most nights, people can be found meditating at this small rest

III. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Time and Location of Study

This study was carried out from April until September 2006. It is conducted in Parangtritis Village in Bantul Regency, Province of Yogyakarta. This area is located between 110o16’40’’ to 110o20’20’’ East and between 07o59’15’’ to 08o01’10’’ South. Parangtritis Village is located within Kretek District which covers an area of 967,201 hectares. Figure 4 shows the Parangtritis Village inside of Yogyakarta Province.

3.2. Method of Study 3.2.1. Flowchart of Study

The process of this study is diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Flowchart of Study

Natural Elements

Potential Tourism Area

Interpretive Program

Prioritized Touring Plan Visual Quality Spatial Analysis Aerial Photograph/ Analog Map Determine Landscape Character/Features Determine Vantage Point Categories Representing Landscape by Photographs Photograph Presentation Observer Judgment Evaluation Visual Character Variables Literature Study Photograph Presentation Expert Judgment Evaluation

SBE Value Variable Score

Natural Quality Categories Categories

Cultural Elements

Categories Categories Categories

Cultural Quality Spatial Analysis Weighting and Scoring Weighting and Scoring Data Collecting Analysis Recommendation *fe e db ac k

Synthesis & Plan Concept

Scenarios for Touring Alternatives Scenarios for Touring Alternatives Scenarios for Potential Touring Plan

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Field Check/

Survey

3.2.2. Data

Two methods will be carried out to collect the data, which are field surveys and document or literature study. The data will be classified in four aspects. The first three aspects are the main aspects to be considered in this study, i.e.: natural (physical) aspect, cultural aspect, and visual aspect. The last aspect is supporting aspect, which is used as additional but not less important than other aspects in determining the most appropriate touring system on the synthesis stage. The list of required data and the method used for collecting the data can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Data Inventory and Collecting Methods

Collecting Methods

Aspect Factor

Survey Literature

Hydrology ! !

Vegetation ! !

Natural/Physical

Landform and Topographic !

Legend/Myth ! !

Architectural !

Ethnicity ! !

Cultural

Tourism Economic ! !

Vantage/viewpoint assessment ! !

Visual

Landscape inventory ! !

Infrastructure ! !

Accessibility ! !

Administrative Boundary !

Supporting

Law and regulation !

Especially for Legend and Ethnicity factors within the cultural aspect, the survey method for data collecting is by interviewing purposively some people who are assumed to have a good knowledge about the legend and some histories associated with Parangtritis Village. This information is also verified by some information acquired from literature study.

3.2.3. Analysis

This stage will consist of two main types of analysis. It is differentiated by the method used in the analysis. The first stage is analysis for visual quality assessment, and the second one is analysis for natural and cultural element assessment.

3.2.3.1. Visual Quality Assessment

In this stage, visual resources will be analyzed based on visual preferences and visual character variables using Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) procedures (Daniel and Boster 1976). The application of SBE method involves three main steps: representing landscapes by color photos, presenting the photos to observers, and evaluating observer judgments.

a. Visual Preferences Analysis

Daniel and Boster (1976) argued that to avoid introducing the biases as to what is representative, an impartial sampling procedure is used here in determining the vantage point. But first of all, the area needs to be stratified into approximately equal sub areas based on certain characteristics. For this study, land cover is used as the main classifier for the area’s diversity derived from Bakosurtanal’s analog map at 1:25,000 scales and aerial photograph of Parangtritis Village at 1:20,000 scales from Puspics UGM (2002), and verified by field survey. This classification area consequently will affect the number of photos required. Based on the previous study, three photos were considered to be sufficient to be taken for each location with certain characteristics.

For this research, there are seven types of landscape character determined based on land covering, which are:

1. beach, 2. sand dune, 3. rivers,

4. bushes (scrubland), 5. woodland,

6. agriculture area (farmland), 7. settlement area.

Three locations are taken within each landscape character to represent the sub area with certain character, while within each location three photographs are taken with different angles, so that there are totally 63 selected photographs to be presented and being judged by the observers. Figure 6 shows the landscape character map of Parangtritis Coastal Island.

Figure 6. Landscape Character Map of Parangtritis Coastal Area

The photographers will be equipped with a GPS and a camera when pacing across each sub areas following randomly determined directions, and

Gunung Kidul District

stopping at locations dictated by a pre-determined pacing distance. At each viewpoint, a picture is taken at an eye level along a randomly determined heading. This procedure is repeated until the desired numbers of pictures are taken.

The acquired photos are then scrambled into a random order and presented one at a time, using LCD projector device, about 8-10 seconds for each photo, and being judged directly by the observer. The judgment values range from 1-10 in scale, where 1 represents the lowest, and 10 represent the highest judgment of visual preferences.

The observers selected here are college students, as for purpose of developing, testing, and refining the method, college student served very well, and also they can represent the total population in many respects (Daniel and Boster, 1976). Parts of the students are from landscape tourism planning class and the rest of them are students of landscape architecture program. The other observers are some practitioners in Landscape Architecture field and Mapping and Survey field. They are selected based on their supporting background for scenic assessment and also for their acknowledgments about varied landscape characters. The number between 20 and 30 observers is assumed to be adequate by Daniel and Boster (1976), and in this research, 60 observers were participated which consist of 30 numbers of students and 30 numbers of practitioners.

After the photo judgment session, SBE values collected from observers are calculated for each photo from an area based upon the judgments from observers. The calculation starts by calculating the frequency of each score (f), the cumulative frequency (cf), and cumulative probability (cp). Then the z values is determined using the z table as the standard normal deviates associated with each

of the cumulative probability values, with adopting the convention of cp = 1 – 1/2n or cp = 1/2n for the cases where cp = 1.00 or cp = 0 (z = ± _∞) respectively (Bock and Jones, 1968 in Daniel and Boster, 1976). Then the mean value of z for each sub area can be determined to be further used to estimate SBE value of particular sub area using the following formula:

where: x = 1, 2, 3, …, 63

SBEx = SBE value for sub area ‘x’ Zx = mean value of z for sub area ‘x’

Zo = determined z value of certain sub area as standard value

The acquired SBE values for each area of certain landscape character then are put back to the area of each landscape character to obtain the spatial information of SBE value distribution of the study area.

b. Visual Character Analysis

Akin with visual preferences analysis, this stage also evaluate the visual resources of the study area. Other than evaluating based on observer’s preferences, this stage analyzed visual resources with considering several particular visual character variables adopted from ASLA (1979), which can be distinguished by two levels of attributes: visual pattern elements and visual pattern character. Visual pattern elements are primary visual attributes of objects, which include: (1) form; (2) line; and (3) color. Visual pattern character is the visual contrast between the visual object and its visual environment by considering of four aspects: (1) dominance; (2) scale; (3) diversity; (4) continuity.

The same with visual preference analysis, the judgment procedure also perform based on observation of the photo representing each area of landscape character, but the judgment of the photos is based on several criteria associated with seven selected visual character variables mentioned before. Regarding many variables to be considered on the judgment for each photograph, therefore the total photos to be judged is not as much as the total number of photos used in visual preferences analysis method. In this stage, every area of each landscape character is represented only by three photos taken from three different locations which are believed as the best representation of the landscape character. Therefore, there are only 21 photos that are judged by the expert.

There are nine experts who are invited to give their visual judgment to this research. They are come from two different background of professional field. There are four of them are come from Mapping and Survey environment, while the rest are majoring landscape architecture, including the lecturers and practitioners (detail information about the experts can be seen in Appendix 1). They are selected based on their expertise, experiences, as well as acknowledgments about varied landscape characters and their visualization, so that they are believed to be able to give their expert judgment.

The given judgment are presented as scores that can be classified into a range between 1 (low quality) to 3 (high quality). There are some criteria determined as the guideline for the expert in giving the scores, so that the experts can have the same prescription about the range of the scoring. The criteria for each variable for scoring are determined based on literature study and discussion

with several experts in Landscape Architecture. Table 2 shows the criteria used as the guideline in scoring activity.

Table 2. Criteria for Scoring the Visual Character Aspects Visual

Attributes Aspects Score 1 Score 2 Score 3

Form There are some visual

mass or shapes among the landscape components that look very annoying within the visual landscape.

The visual mass or shape cannot be identified easily among the landscape components

The visual shapes of landscape

components can be easily identified and look harmonized with the natural surrounding

Line There are some lines

introduced by the edges of objects or part of object that interrupt the natural pattern of the landscape visually

There are some line that look unnaturally but not very annoying the visual landscape

The pattern of line among the landscape components can be noticed well and looks harmonized with natural pattern

Color There are some

colors of the landscape

components that are annoying the visual landscape

There are some unnatural colors among the landscape components but visually they are still harmonized with the natural surrounding

All the landscape components have natural color that can create the natural

harmonization of the visual landscape Visual Pattern

Elements

Dominance There is no visual

dominancy among the landscape components

There are some landscape

components that are visually dominant within a landscape setting

There is a landscape component that is visually dominant and has good contrast with its natural landscape setting

Scale There is one or more

landscape components that interrupt the apparent size relationship to its surroundings and it is annoying to the visual landscape

There are some interruption in size relationship but it is not causing the annoyance of the visual landscape as a whole

The landscape components apparently have a good size relationship to the natural surroundings

Diversity The landscape view

appear to be monotone

A number and variety of visual pattern can be noticed within the landscape view

The visual pattern of the landscape looks varied and intermixed but give the harmony to the view

Visual Pattern Character

Continuity The flow of pattern

elements and visual relationship are interrupted and cannot be

maintained between the related landscape components

The flow of visual pattern can be noticed though has interrupted visual relationship between landscape

components

The flow of pattern elements is uninterrupted and has good maintained visual relationship between related landscape components

The given scores from the experts are then calculated to obtain the average score for each variable of visual character in every area of landscape character to acquire thematic map of visual character variables. The last step of this visual character analysis is by superimposing all those 7 acquired thematic map of visual character variables to get the distribution of visual character scores map based on the expert judgment.

Finally, the visual quality of the study area is obtained by integrating the result of visual preferences analysis with the result of the visual character analysis. It is performed by overlaying the map of SBE values distribution with the map of visual character scores distribution until the Visual Quality Map is acquired.

3.2.3.2. Natural and Cultural Elements Assessment

For both natural and cultural elements assessments, the method is adopted from the technique of potential zones mapping applied by Gunn (1994) combined with cartographic regionalization (Smith, 1989). The analysis pertain descriptive quantitative analysis and spatial analysis based on spatial distribution of important area characteristics. Any important or ‘critical’ features are being identified and assessed spatially in this analysis stage.

For natural elements assessment, the critical features are classified into 3 factors based on the physical characteristics of the study area which are considered to be important factors in tourism development. The three factors are: (1) landform and topography; (2) vegetation; and (3) hydrology. The spatial distribution of these factors are mapped to obtain the spatial distribution within the study area. Landform and topography factor are spatially mapped based on

Land Form Map (Figure 7), and it is categorized based on its uniqueness of the forming process and the topographic characteristics. Vegetation factor is categorized based on its vegetative structure and environmental location and its spatial features are identified based on Land Use and Land Cover Map. Hydrology factor which is categorized into 2 categories: beach and river, is mapped based on Land Use and Landform Map. River category is drawn as an area using the assumption area as what has been applied by Roslita (2001) by developing buffering area of 50 m alongside the river based on Keppres No. 32/1990. Beach feature is determined by the beach area adopted from the Landform Map.

Figure 7. Land Form Map of Parangtritis Coastal Area

The critical features of cultural elements are classified into four factors which are: (1) legend/myth; (2) tourism economic; (3) ethnicity; and (4) architectural. The legend factor is categorized based on how well the legend is known and believed by the community. Tourism economic is classified into three categories based on its economic activity, such as tourism service activity,

Gunung Kidul District

fishery activity, and also agriculture activity. For the ethnicity factor, it is classified based on its authenticity of the community ethnic within a certain area. At last, the architectural factor is classified based on the architectural style of buildings within the area of study.

Neighborhood unit of the Parangtritis Village acquired from Parangtritis Village Map taken from Parangtritis Village Office (Figure 8) is used to map all of the categories of the cultural factors. This assumption area is used to present all of the critical features of cultural elements spatially. It is based on Smith (1989) who argued that the used of political unit as an operationally defined spatial characteristics has given the advantage that the data sources will often be available for them.

Figure 8. Village Map of Parangtritis

Acquiring from analog map of Parangtritis Coastal Area, spatial features of infrastructure can be obtained. Infrastructure is taken into account as a supporting factor in determining the potency of an area to be developed as a

Gunung Kidul District

In this research, it is categorized based on road class classification. There are three categories used: collector road, local road, and driveways, which are considered as an area by using assumption area of road based on PP RI No. 26/1985, as what has been applied by Roslita (2001), especially for collector and local road buffered with 7 m and 6 m successively, while driveways are buffered with 3 m (Harris and Dines, 1988).

A measurement score for each characteristic is defined by using the criteria that used by Gunn (1994) and Roslita (2001) that has been modified based on the site condition of this research. The measurement criteria of categorization and scoring are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Measurement Criteria of Natural, Cultural, Supporting Features Scoring Factor Categories Score Factor Categories Score

Unique 3 Dominant 3

Dominant 2 Good 2

Landform and Topography

Fair 1

Legend/ Historic

Fair 1

Beach 3 Tourism Service 3

Hydrology

River/Stream 2 Fishery 2

Sensitive environment 3

Tourism Economic

Agricultural 1

Woodland 2 Authentic 2

Vegetation

Cultivated plants (crop) 1

Ethnicity

Less authentic 1

Collector Road 3 Unique 3

Local road 2 Dominant 2

Infrastructure

Driveways 1

Architectural

Fair 1

Source: Gunn, 1994 and Roslita, 2001 (modified)

Each resource is rated based on supportive characteristic for tourism activities, which consists of three classes: 1 (low), 2 (medium), and 3 (high). All of those factors are weighted according to their influence in potential for future development. The weighting process is adopted from Gunn (1994) with the modification based on the study area characteristics (Table 4). These weighting factors are further used to determine spatially potential resources capability resulting in thematic map of each resources factor. Furthermore, by using GIS,

all of those resources factor maps are overlaid to obtain superimposed factors to produce a composite map showing both Natural and Cultural Quality of Parangtritis Coastal Area (Figure 9).

Table 4. Weighted Factors in Parangtritis Coastal Area

Natural Factors Weight Cultural Factors Weight

Landform and Topography 35 Legend/Myth 33

Vegetation 28 Tourism Economic 26

Hydrology 27 Ethnicity 21

Infrastructure 10 Architectural 10

Infrastructure 10

100 100

Source: Gunn, 1994 and Roslita, 2001 (modified)

Figure 9. Composite Mapping Process Based on Resource Factors

3.2.4. Synthesis

3.2.4.1. Acquiring Potential Tourism Area

Spatial analysis will be implemented in this stage. Spatial analysis is used by overlaying the map of Visual Quality Map with Natural Quality Map, as well as with Cultural Quality Map. The result of these maps overlay will be the Map of Potential Tourism Area derived from visual, natural, and cultural resources assessment, especially showing the distribution of natural and cultural factors

integrated with esthetical factor within the study area, as Gunn (1994) concurs that the concept of beauty is essential for tourism.

3.2.4.2. Developing Touring Plan Alternatives

To develop a touring plan, there must be a pattern or sequencing to be followed as a basic for tourist movement within the site. Orderly touring development does not need to be rigidly oriented but should make the flow of movement or walking, viewing, and experiencing places a pleasurable and unobstructed event. It also has to provide a logical story and flow of thought with a clearly defined themes, purposes, and objectives (Gunn, 1994). It may be satisfied by developing an interpretation program of the site.

The main purpose of interpretation is to enrich the recreational experiences of the visitors. Interpreters seek to produce enrichment of experience. They add value to leisure time and activity (Knudson et.al., 1995). Self guided or guided

tours can be used to interpret natural and cultural resources within a destination (Knudson and Orbasli in Damayanti 2003). A tourism track can invite visitor to view the place and discover things there and also learn the values of them.

Damayanti (2003) applied 10 steps in developing an interpretive network: 1. to develop the vision that states what interpretation should be on site based

on site inventory,

2. to define the main theme and objective(s) of interpretation network,

3. to identify the potential stops, which in this research it would be based on the existing tourism objects with also considering the acquired tourism potential area,

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 1 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 3 60 1.0000 2.4 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 59 0.9833 2.13 2 2 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4

3 4 57 0.9500 1.65 3 3 59 0.9833 2.13 3 0 59 0.9833 2.13 3 2 58 0.9667 1.83 3 4 60 1.0000 2.4

4 5 53 0.8833 1.19 4 7 56 0.9333 1.5 4 3 59 0.9833 2.13 4 6 56 0.9333 1.5 4 7 56 0.9333 1.5

5 8 48 0.8000 0.84 5 8 49 0.8167 0.9 5 12 56 0.9333 1.5 5 11 50 0.8333 0.97 5 14 49 0.8167 0.9

6 15 40 0.6667 0.43 6 24 41 0.6833 0.48 6 19 44 0.7333 0.62 6 18 39 0.6500 0.39 6 18 35 0.5833 0.21

7 15 25 0.4167 -0.21 7 13 17 0.2833 -0.57 7 14 25 0.4167 -0.21 7 16 21 0.3500 -0.39 7 10 17 0.2833 -0.57

8 8 10 0.1667 -1.19 8 2 4 0.0667 -1.5 8 8 11 0.1833 -0.9 8 4 5 0.0833 -1.38 8 6 7 0.1167 -1.19

9 1 2 0.0333 -1.83 9 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 9 3 3 0.0500 -1.64 9 1 1 0.0167 -2.31 9 1 1 0.0167 -2.31

10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4

Sz 1.15 Sz 1.11 Sz 3.36 Sz 0.61 Sz 0.94

z` 0.12778 z` 0.12333 z` 0.373333 z` 0.06778 z` 0.10444

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 3 60 1.0000 1 4 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 5 57 0.9500 1.65 2 8 56 0.9333 1.5 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4

3 0 59 0.9833 2.13 3 2 59 0.9833 2.13 3 12 52 0.8667 1.11 3 10 48 0.8000 0.84 3 1 60 1.0000 2.4

4 4 59 0.9833 2.13 4 2 57 0.9500 1.65 4 12 40 0.6667 0.43 4 11 38 0.6333 0.34 4 2 59 0.9833 2.13

5 12 55 0.9167 1.38 5 9 55 0.9167 1.38 5 12 28 0.4667 -0.08 5 13 27 0.4500 -0.13 5 2 57 0.9500 1.65

6 17 43 0.7167 0.57 6 18 46 0.7667 0.73 6 9 16 0.2667 -0.62 6 11 14 0.2333 -0.73 6 8 55 0.9167 1.38

7 15 26 0.4333 -0.17 7 18 28 0.4667 -0.08 7 5 7 0.1167 -1.19 7 2 3 0.0500 -1.64 7 27 47 0.7833 0.78

8 9 11 0.1833 -0.9 8 6 10 0.1667 -0.97 8 1 2 0.0333 -1.88 8 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 8 17 20 0.3333 -0.43

9 1 2 0.0333 -1.83 9 3 4 0.0667 -1.5 9 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 1 3 0.0500 -1.64

10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 2 2 0.0333 -1.83

Sz 3.58 Sz 3.61 Sz -5.11 Sz -6.75 Sz 6.84

z` 0.39778 z` 0.40111 z` -0.56778 z` -0.75 z` 0.76

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

Photo 15/123

Photo 16/733 Photo 17/132 Photo 18/311 Photo 19/323 Photo 20/423

Photo 11/232 Photo 12/712 Photo 13/522 Photo 14/231

87.7778 87.3333 112.3333 81.7778

114.7778 115.1111 18.2222 0.0000

85.4444

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 1 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 2 59 0.9833 2.13 2 3 60 1.0000 2.4 2 2 60 1.0000 2.4 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4

3 2 57 0.9500 1.65 3 3 57 0.9500 1.65 3 3 58 0.9667 1.83 3 0 59 0.9833 2.13 3 0 60 1.0000 2.4

4 3 55 0.9167 1.38 4 8 54 0.9000 1.28 4 5 55 0.9167 1.38 4 4 59 0.9833 2.13 4 1 60 1.0000 2.4

5 22 52 0.8667 1.11 5 11 46 0.7667 0.73 5 15 50 0.8333 0.97 5 6 55 0.9167 1.38 5 2 59 0.9833 2.13

6 16 30 0.5000 0 6 22 35 0.5833 0.21 6 19 35 0.5833 0.21 6 9 49 0.8167 0.9 6 10 57 0.9500 1.65

7 9 14 0.2333 -0.73 7 8 13 0.2167 -0.78 7 10 16 0.2667 -0.62 7 26 40 0.6667 0.43 7 24 47 0.7833 0.78

8 5 5 0.0833 -1.38 8 3 5 0.0833 -1.38 8 5 6 0.1000 -2.33 8 10 14 0.2333 -0.73 8 20 23 0.3833 -0.3

9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 9 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 9 3 4 0.0667 -1.5 9 2 3 0.0500 -1.64

10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13

Sz -0.64 Sz -0.12 Sz -0.69 Sz 5.01 Sz 7.69

z` -0.07111 z` -0.0133 z` -0.07667 z` 0.55667 z` 0.85444

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 0 60 1.0000 1 1 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 1 59 0.9833 2.13 2 3 60 1.0000 2.4 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4

3 0 59 0.9833 2.13 3 11 58 0.9667 1.83 3 1 57 0.9500 1.65 3 1 59 0.9833 2.13 3 4 59 0.9833 2.13

4 2 59 0.9833 2.13 4 16 47 0.7833 0.78 4 8 56 0.9333 1.5 4 3 58 0.9667 1.83 4 4 55 0.9167 1.38

5 3 57 0.9500 1.65 5 14 31 0.5167 0.04 5 14 48 0.8000 0.84 5 13 55 0.9167 1.38 5 16 51 0.8500 1.04

6 7 54 0.9000 1.28 6 9 17 0.2833 -0.57 6 20 34 0.5667 0.17 6 13 42 0.7000 0.52 6 20 35 0.5833 0.21

7 16 47 0.7833 0.78 7 7 8 0.1333 -1.11 7 12 14 0.2333 -0.73 7 11 29 0.4833 -0.04 7 9 15 0.2500 -0.67

8 22 31 0.5167 0.04 8 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 8 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 8 15 18 0.3000 -0.52 8 3 6 0.1000 -1.28

9 7 9 0.1500 -1.04 9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 2 3 0.0500 -1.64 9 3 3 0.0500 -1.64

10 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4

Sz 7.54 Sz -3.83 Sz -0.8 Sz 3.93 Sz 1.17

z` 0.83778 z` -0.4256 z` -0.08889 z` 0.43667 z` 0.13

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

Photo 28/711 Photo 29/211

Photo 21/332 Photo 22/613 Photo 23/612 Photo 24/431 Photo 25/422

67.3333 130.6667 160.4444

118.6667 88.0000

Photo 30/131

66.1111

67.8889 73.6667

158.7778 32.4444

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 1 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 2 59 0.9833 2.13 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 2 60 1.0000 2.4

3 4 57 0.9500 1.65 3 1 59 0.9833 2.13 3 0 60 1.0000 2.4 3 3 59 0.9833 2.13 3 5 58 0.9667 1.83

4 6 53 0.8833 1.19 4 1 58 0.9667 1.83 4 4 60 1.0000 2.4 4 2 56 0.9333 1.5 4 9 53 0.8833 1.19

5 19 47 0.7833 0.78 5 6 57 0.9500 1.65 5 4 56 0.9333 1.5 5 13 54 0.9000 1.28 5 14 44 0.7333 0.62

6 19 28 0.4667 -0.08 6 9 51 0.8500 1.04 6 11 52 0.8667 1.11 6 19 41 0.6833 0.48 6 24 30 0.5000 0

7 8 9 0.1500 -1.04 7 24 42 0.7000 0.52 7 25 41 0.6833 0.48 7 16 22 0.3667 -0.34 7 4 6 0.1000 -1.28

8 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 8 17 18 0.3000 -0.52 8 12 16 0.2667 -0.62 8 5 6 0.1000 -1.28 8 2 2 0.0333 -1.83

9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 0 1 0.0167 -2.13 9 2 4 0.0667 -1.5 9 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4

10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 10 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4

Sz -2.3 Sz 4.79 Sz 6.34 Sz 1.64 Sz -1.87

z` -0.25556 z` 0.53222 z` 0.704444 z` 0.18222 z` -0.2078

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 2 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 3 58 0.9667 1.83 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4

3 5 55 0.9167 1.38 3 1 59 0.9833 2.13 3 0 60 1.0000 2.4 3 2 59 0.9833 2.13 3 0 60 1.0000 2.4

4 14 50 0.8333 0.97 4 0 58 0.9667 1.83 4 3 60 1.0000 2.4 4 5 57 0.9500 1.65 4 5 60 1.0000 2.4

5 16 36 0.6000 0.25 5 6 58 0.9667 1.83 5 2 57 0.9500 1.65 5 11 52 0.8667 1.11 5 5 55 0.9167 1.38

6 12 20 0.3333 -0.43 6 8 52 0.8667 1.11 6 9 55 0.9167 1.38 6 21 41 0.6833 0.48 6 11 50 0.8333 0.97

7 5 8 0.1333 -1.11 7 22 44 0.7333 0.62 7 17 46 0.7667 0.73 7 13 20 0.3333 -0.43 7 17 39 0.6500 0.39

8 3 3 0.0500 -1.64 8 14 22 0.3667 -0.34 8 21 29 0.4833 -0.04 8 7 7 0.1167 -1.19 8 17 22 0.3667 -0.34

9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 8 8 0.1333 -1.11 9 6 8 0.1333 -1.11 9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 3 5 0.0833 -1.38

10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 2 2 0.0333 -1.83

Sz -3.55 Sz 6.07 Sz 7.98 Sz 1.35 Sz 6.39

z` -0.39444 z` 0.67444 z` 0.886667 z` 0.15 z` 0.71

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

Photo 37/432 Photo 38/233 Photo 39/722

Photo 31/333 Photo 32/433 Photo 33/223 Photo 34/731

142.4444 163.6667 90.0000 146.0000

93.2222 54.2222

Photo 35/321

Photo 40/221

49.4444 128.2222 145.4444

35.5556 Photo 36/611

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4

3 1 60 1.0000 2.4 3 4 60 1.0000 2.4 3 2 60 1.0000 2.4 3 0 60 1.0000 2.4 3 1 60 1.0000 2.4

4 1 59 0.9833 2.13 4 10 56 0.9333 1.5 4 1 58 0.9667 1.83 4 4 60 1.0000 2.4 4 4 59 0.9833 2.13

5 6 58 0.9667 1.83 5 10 46 0.7667 0.73 5 7 57 0.9500 1.65 5 5 56 0.9333 1.5 5 5 55 0.9167 1.38

6 8 52 0.8667 1.11 6 19 36 0.6000 0.25 6 18 50 0.8333 0.97 6 10 51 0.8500 1.04 6 13 50 0.8333 0.97

7 16 44 0.7333 0.78 7 13 17 0.2833 -0.57 7 19 32 0.5333 0.08 7 21 41 0.6833 0.48 7 14 37 0.6167 0.3

8 14 28 0.4667 -0.08 8 2 4 0.0667 -1.5 8 11 13 0.2167 -0.78 8 11 20 0.3333 -0.43 8 12 23 0.3833 -0.3

9 11 14 0.2333 -0.73 9 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 9 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 9 8 9 0.1500 -1.04 9 10 11 0.1833 -0.9

10 3 3 0.0500 -1.64 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13

Sz 8.2 Sz 0.98 Sz 4.32 Sz 6.62 Sz 6.25

z` 0.91111 z` 0.10889 z` 0.48 z` 0.73556 z` 0.69444

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 2 60 1.0000 2.4 2 1 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4

3 1 59 0.9833 2.13 3 1 60 1.0000 2.4 3 2 58 0.9667 1.83 3 0 59 0.9833 2.13 3 1 60 1.0000 2.4

4 2 58 0.9667 1.83 4 4 59 0.9833 2.13 4 4 56 0.9333 1.5 4 9 59 0.9833 2.13 4 1 59 0.9833 2.13

5 12 56 0.9333 1.5 5 7 55 0.9167 1.38 5 12 52 0.8667 1.11 5 16 50 0.8333 0.97 5 8 58 0.9667 1.83

6 15 44 0.7333 0.62 6 10 48 0.8000 0.84 6 24 40 0.6667 0.43 6 19 34 0.5667 0.17 6 18 50 0.8333 0.97

7 16 29 0.4833 -0.04 7 13 38 0.6333 0.34 7 12 16 0.2667 -0.62 7 12 15 0.2500 -0.67 7 18 32 0.5333 0.08

8 8 13 0.2167 -0.78 8 18 25 0.4167 -0.21 8 3 4 0.0667 -1.5 8 3 3 0.0500 -1.64 8 12 14 0.2333 -0.73

9 5 5 0.0833 -1.38 9 5 7 0.1167 -1.19 9 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 2 2 0.0333 -1.83

10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4

Sz 3.88 Sz 6.26 Sz 0.62 Sz 0.69 Sz 4.85

z` 0.43111 z` 0.69556 z` 0.068889 z` 0.07667 z` 0.53889

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

Photo 46/111 Photo 47/532 Photo 48/121 Photo 49/623

Photo 41/213 Photo 42/122 Photo 43/631 Photo 44/212 Photo 45/521

166.1111 85.8889 123.0000 148.5556 144.4444

Photo 50/732

128.8889

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 1 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 2 59 0.9833 2.13 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 4 60 1.0000 2.4

3 4 57 0.9500 1.65 3 1 60 1.0000 2.4 3 2 60 1.0000 2.4 3 2 60 1.0000 2.4 3 4 56 0.9333 1.5

4 7 53 0.8833 1.19 4 3 59 0.9833 2.13 4 4 58 0.9667 1.83 4 12 58 0.9667 1.83 4 7 52 0.8667 1.11

5 7 46 0.7667 0.73 5 4 56 0.9333 1.5 5 5 54 0.9000 1.28 5 14 46 0.7667 0.73 5 11 45 0.7500 0.67

6 20 39 0.6500 0.95 6 8 52 0.8667 1.11 6 20 49 0.8167 0.9 6 21 32 0.5333 0.08 6 20 34 0.5667 0.17

7 16 19 0.3167 -0.48 7 12 44 0.7333 0.78 7 19 29 0.4833 -0.04 7 7 11 0.1833 -0.9 7 12 14 0.2333 -0.73

8 3 3 0.0500 -1.64 8 21 32 0.5333 0.08 8 8 10 0.1667 -0.97 8 3 4 0.0667 -1.5 8 0 2 0.0333 -1.83

9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 11 11 0.1833 -0.9 9 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 9 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 9 2 2 0.0333 -1.83

10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4

Sz -0.27 Sz 7.1 Sz 3.57 Sz 0.51 Sz -0.94

z` -0.03 z` 0.78889 z` 0.396667 z` 0.05667 z` -0.1044

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4

3 2 60 1.0000 2.4 3 2 60 1.0000 2.4 3 1 60 1.0000 2.4 3 1 60 1.0000 2.4 3 4 60 1.0000 2.4

4 2 58 0.9667 1.83 4 4 58 0.9667 1.83 4 1 59 0.9833 2.13 4 4 59 0.9833 2.13 4 5 56 0.9333 1.5

5 5 56 0.9333 1.5 5 10 54 0.9000 1.28 5 1 58 0.9667 1.83 5 3 55 0.9167 1.38 5 9 51 0.8500 1.04

6 15 51 0.8500 1.04 6 23 44 0.7333 0.62 6 13 57 0.9500 1.65 6 10 52 0.8667 1.11 6 21 42 0.7000 0.52

7 15 36 0.6000 0.25 7 17 21 0.3500 -0.39 7 23 44 0.7333 0.62 7 16 42 0.7000 0.52 7 15 21 0.3500 -0.39

8 16 21 0.3500 -0.39 8 4 4 0.0667 -1.5 8 17 21 0.3500 -0.39 8 18 26 0.4333 -0.17 8 5 6 0.1000 -1.28

9 5 5 0.0833 -1.38 9 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 9 3 4 0.0667 -1.5 9 8 8 0.1333 -1.11 9 1 1 0.0167 -2.13

10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4

Sz 5.25 Sz 1.84 Sz 7.01 Sz 6.26 Sz 1.66

z` 0.58333 z` 0.20444 z` 0.778889 z` 0.69556 z` 0.18444

SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE = SBE =

Photo 58/413 Photo 59/531 Photo 60/622

Photo 53/721 Photo 54/621 Photo 55/312

Photo 51/322 Photo 52/512

114.6667 80.6667 64.5556

72.0000 153.8889

133.3333 95.4444

Photo 56/511 Photo 57/723

93.4444

range f cf cp z range f cf cp z range f cf cp z

1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000 1 0 60 1.0000

2 0 60 1.0000 2.4 2 2 60 1.0000 2.4 2 0 60 1.0000 2.4

3 1 60 1.0000 2.4 3 3 58 0.9667 1.83 3 2 60 1.0000 2.4

4 3 59 0.9833 2.13 4 7 55 0.9167 1.38 4 3 58 0.9667 1.83

5 11 56 0.9333 1.5 5 11 48 0.8000 0.84 5 8 55 0.9167 1.38

6 22 45 0.7500 0.67 6 23 37 0.6167 0.3 6 21 47 0.7833 0.78

7 14 23 0.3833 -0.3 7 10 14 0.2333 -0.73 7 15 26 0.4333 -0.17

8 8 9 0.1500 -1.04 8 2 4 0.0667 -1.5 8 10 11 0.1833 -0.9

9 1 1 0.0167 -2.13 9 2 2 0.0333 -1.83 9 0 1 0.0167 -2.13

10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 0 0 0.0000 -2.4 10 1 1 0.0167 -2.13

Sz 3.23 Sz 0.29 Sz 3.46

z` 0.35889 z` 0.03222 z` 0.384444

SBE = SBE = SBE =

Photo 61/632

110.8889 78.2222 113.4444