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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. The Concept of Teaching
In Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary 1980: 480, teaching means to give instruction to something knowledge, skill etc.
Kimble and Garmezy 1963:133 in Brown, 1994:7 state that “ teaching is showing or helping someone to learn how to do something,
giving instructions, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand”. Teaching cannot be defined
apart from learning. Considering that concept, Nathan Gage 1964:269 in Brown, 1994:7 states that “teaching is guiding and facilitating learning,
enabling the learner to learn, setting the condition for learning”. Arends 2001:56 states “teaching as a process of attempting to
promote growth in students. The intended growth here for reaching, such as developing a completely new conceptual framework for thinking about
science. Teaching means giving someone knowledge or instructing or
training. According to Kimble and Garmezy 1963:133 in Brown, 1994:7 teaching is showing or helping someone learn how to do something,
giving instruction, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand. Language teaching is
describe broadly as creating situations that promote second or foreign language use and learning. It is also an interactive process between the
teacher and e students or group of the students to get knowledge, skills or attitudes what they are learning.
From the idea above, it can be concluded that teaching is some activities that give instruction for helping students to learn something
knowledge or skill.
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B. The Concept of Learning Process.
In Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary 1995: 480, learning is knowledge gained by study.
A search in contemporary dictionaries reveals that learning is “acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or skill by study,
experience or instruction. Skinner 2009: 3 in Sobry states that” learning as a process
adaption or adjustment of behavior that is going on progressive. M. Sobry Sutikno 2009:3 states that ” learning as a process that
is done someone to get a new changing as a result experience itself in interaction with environment.
C. T Morgan 2009:4 in Sobry states” learning is relatively permanent change in an individual’s knowledge or behavior that result
from previous experience. Brown 1994: 7 says that learning is “acquiring of getting of
knowledge of a subject or skill by study, experience or instruction.” Another definition of learning is also proposed by Kimble and Garmezy
in Brown,1994:7. They define learning as a relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency and are the result of reinforced
practice. From the definitions, we can conclude that: 1. Learning is acquisition or getting.
2. Learning is retention of information or skill. 3. Retention implies storage systems, memory, and cognitive
organization. 4. Learning involves active, conscious focus and on acting upon
events outside or inside the organism. 5. Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting.
6. Learning involves some from of practice, perhaps reinforced practice.
7. Learning is a change in behavior.
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According to definitions above, learning activity is a process which can motivate someone to change their behavior and maturation into
relatively permanent position through experiences that involve their cognitive process, and should be done interactively between the teacher
and the students. The interactive nature of learning means that evaluations designed to guide instruction must focus on interaction
themselves, not on individual component of interaction. Klein, S 1987:2 states” learning can be defined as an
experiential process resulting in a relatively permanent change in behavior that cannot be explained by temporary, maturation, or innate
response tendencies. This definition of learning has three important components. First, learning reflects a change in the potential for a
behavior. Second, changes in behavior due to learning are relatively permanent. Third, changes in behavior can be due to process other than
learning”. From the idea above, it can be concluded that learning process is
a process in relatively permanent change in an individual’s knowledge or behavior.
C. The Component of Teachers Roles.
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