Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

E. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Based on Wardaugh’s theory code switching code switching is classified into three kinds. They are situational code switching, methaporical code switching, and conversational code switching which called as intra-sentential code switching or code mixing. Each type is related to each factor of code switching namely participant, solidarity affective function, status, and topic. The first type is situational code switching. Situational code switching is related to the factors of code switching that are participant, solidarity, and status. Situational code switching occurs when the language used change according to the situation in which the conversantion find themselves. They speak one language in one situation and in a different one. 25 Situational code switching because the switches between languages always coincide with changes from one external situation for example, talking to member of the family to another for example, talking to neighbours. 26 Situational code switching described about arrival of a new person and status relation between people or the formality of their interaction. For example, some new switches from English to Maori to greet his or her friend. The Maori’s greeting is an expression of solidarity. So, a code switch may be related to a particular or addressee. 27 Methaporical code switching occurs with in a single situation, but adds meaning to such components as the role-relationship, which is being expressed. 25 Ronald Wardhaugh 2002. op. cit. p.103 26 Richard A Hudson 1996. op. cit. p. 24. 27 Janet Holmes 2001. op. cit. p. 41. According to Blom and Gumperz 1971 which is quoted by Hudson, methaporical code switching is where the choice of language that determines the situation. Blom and Gumperz give an example that arose out of their research in a own in northen Norway, Hemnesberget, where the re is a diglossic situation. In the course of a morning spent at the community administration office, we notice that clerk used both standard and dialect phrases, depending on whether they were talking about official affairs or not. Likewise, when residents step up to a clerk’s desk, greeting and iquiries about family affairs tend to be exchanged in the dialect, while the business part of the transaction is carried on in standard. Blom and Gumperz 1971:425. 28 Example like this show that speakers are able to manipulate the norms governing the use of varieties in just the same way as they can manipulate those governing the meanings of words by using them metaporichally. Furthermore, Wardhaugh says metaphorical code switching is a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have. The interesting point here is that some topics may be disscused in either code, but the choice of code adds the distinct flavor to what is said about the topic. 29 Intra-sentencial code switching or conversational code switching or code mixing according to Wardaugh who enhances Gumperz’s theory that conversational code switching is the same with code mixing. To this, Wardaugh states that conversational code switching which is also recognized as intra- sentencial code switching is a switch of codes within a simple utterance without any associated topic change. 30 28 Richard A Hudson 1996. op. cit., p. 25. 29 Ronald Wardhaugh 2002. op. cit., p.103. 30 Ibid, p.108.

F. The Factors Influencing Code Switching and Code Mixing