According to Gumperz, as quoted by Ronald Wardhaugh sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure
and to observe any changes that occur.
6
B. Language Choice
There are several possible relationship between language and society. One is that social structure may either influance or determine linguistics structure
andor behaviour. Certain evidance may be adduced to support the view: the age- grading phenomenon whereby young children speak differently from older
children and, in turn, children speak differently from mature adults; studies which show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matters as their
regional, social, or ethnic origin and possibly even their gender; and other studies which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words, and even rules for
conversing are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements.
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Hymes 1974 says that communicate with one another use language need to paid attention to eight element also called as acronym is SPEAKING, such us:
1. Setting and scene, consists of place and time that conversation is
taken place suc as at home, a party, work place, etc. 2.
Participant, people who get involved in conversation. In the interaction that cover their age, sex, occupation, socio-economic
status, origin, ethnicity, and their role in relations to one another.
6
Ronald Wardhaugh 2002. op. cit. p.10
7
Ibid. p. 9-10.
3. Ends, point of conversation and how the speaker and listener made
a success of conversation within express their idea, mind and though.
4. Act sequances, topic of conversation. This refer to the recognized
and expected outcomes of an exchanges aas to the personal goals that participants seek to accoplish on particular occasions.
5. Key, this refers to manner, tone, spirit, or enthusiasm those set in
conversation which a particular message is conveyed. The key may also be marked non-verbally by certain kinds of behaviour, gesture,
posture, and event. 6.
Instrumentalities, this refers to indicate the manner of oral conversation or does not. And this refer to the choice of channel,
e.g. oral, written oor telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech employed, such as the language, dialect, code, or register that is
chosen. 7.
Norms, it refers to the specific behaviours and properties that attach to speaking and also to how these may be viewed by someone who
does not share, i.e. loudness, silence, gaze, return, etc. And the term only for attitude and norm between speaker and listener.
8. Genres, refer to catagory or variety of language is used.
8
Janet Holmes explains, those are several social factor that affect someone to choose the language included in:
8
Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1994. pp.63-65.
1. Social distance. How well do they know each other, what is the
social distance between the participants. Familly, strangers, or friends
2. Status relationship between people. Social identity from listener
who got mixed up with the conversation. 3.
Social role. Typical role relationship, for example, doctor-patient, teacher-sudent.
4. Setting and dimension of formality. For example, in Singapore,
English is most frequently selected code for official transaction, regardless of the speaker’s ethnicity.
5. Function. What is language is being used for? Is the speaker
asking a favor or giving orders to someone.
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Basically, Language choice is the sequences of speech act composition which has stucture and object. If speech act becomes a social phenomenon in
certain situation even when in one particulary direction, speech act tends to be an individual phenomenon, psychological and affected by linguistic’s ability of the
speaker when someone express their mind, idea, and though. It is influanced by combinating of specific times, settings, and role relationship.
9
Janet Holmes, An Introduction to linguistics, 2
nd
edition England: Pearson Education Limited, 2001, p.1.
C. Bilingualism
