Types of Writing Performance

4 Editing Editing is where grammar, spelling, and punctuations errors are corrected. Writer should also have the ability to check the grammar, spelling and punctuation. 5 Publishing and sharing This is the final step when the written product is ready to published or shared. It can be online or in print. It also includes the activity of rechecking the writing before it is finally published. Another idea is proposed by Harmer 2004: 4-6 who tells that there are only four stages of writing process; they are planning, drafting, editing reflecting and revising, and final version. The process of writing is not in linear stage. Writer can move from certain step to the other one before going to the final draft. It is presented by the following picture. Figure 1: Stages of Writing Process, Harmer 2004: 6 e. Strategies for Writing Process There are five steps of writing process. They are prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing, Johnson 2008: 185. There are some strategies and activities for each step. In prewriting, there are some strategies which include power writing, brainstorming and grouping, outlining, developing web and brainstorming, brainstorming, turning to a neighbor, and listing four. Power writing is where the participants write continuously for one to three minutes. It helps the participants write quickly without thinking. In brainstorm and group strategy, participants firstly start with a writing topic and complete it with some lists of related things. Then, they find a group. In outline strategy, participants start with the writing topic and complete it with two to four main ideas. The main ideas are also completed with more supporting details. Developing web and brainstorming strategy has similar concept to the outline strategy where participants should have a writing topic and complete it with two to four related ideas. In brainstorming strategy, participants can look at an idea then list as many ideas as they can before they begin writing. Turning to neighbor strategy is a simple prewriting strategy. Here, participants ask some questions and ideas to their friend before starting writing. The last, list strategy is also similar to outlining strategy. Participants begin with a topic and look for some words or ideas related to the topic before the writing process is started. Partner oral responding , a strategy in drafting phase, is to grab another’s ideas related to the draft. Small group oral response is better to have more corrections and ideas because here the participants deal with more than two persons minimally. Besides, by implementing trade and response strategy, participants can work in pair. They trade their writing drafts with a partner and write responses on the drafts. Whole class response is possible to get more ideas from peers. Trainer chooses one or two volunteers to read the drafts and lets others give responses. For the revising stage, magic circle is really helpful to get feedback from peers. Some participants give response to the other participant s’ writing. In editing stage, self-editing and peer editing can be selected. Self-editing facilitate participants to edit their own work. Peer editing is when each participant edits the other papers. For the publishing or sha ring step, the author’s chair strategy is when participants read their work in front of the class. Trainer should have one or two participants read their work each day. Another strategy is student books where the participants should collect their best writings and create a book. Monthly participant s’ magazines or newspaper containing participant stories can be also a good strategy. PowerPoint books enable participants to copy and paste pictures for an interesting story. An e-story is producing longer stories which can be in print or online. Another similar to a PowerPoint book strategy, comic strips or comic books help participants draw the pictures and write dialogue. Bulletin board showcase facilitates participants to write more. Placed the classroom outside, story with pictures can be accessed by more participants. In addition, to display the participant s’ writings, a website can be an interesting media. More people can read the writings.

2. Teaching Writing

a. Principles for Teaching Writing

There are some principles of teaching writing to make sure that the process of teaching and learning writing run well. Nation 2009: 93 believes that trainer should follow the principles to evaluate the teaching and learning process so that it always runs on the right track. The principles are meaning-focused input, meaning-focused output, language-focused learning, and fluency development. 1 Meaning-Focused Input This principle tells us that learning should bring experience and knowledge to the participants. The experience and knowledge guide the participants to be able to write well. When the input materials are well-prepared, participants are more easily constructing meaning to be delivered through their writing.