Definitions of Writing The Nature of Writing

d Teacher then reads the whole paragraph one more at normal speed so students can check their writing. e Scoring of students’ written work can utilize a number of rubrics for assigning points. Usually spelling and punctuation errors are not considered as severe as grammatical errors. Brown 2007: 399-400 2 Intensive, or controlled The participants, in this category, are controlled and do not have much creativity. In controlled writing, participants simply alter certain grammar and structure such as changing the present tense verbs to past tense verbs. In guided writing, trainer guides the participants to write something. The trainer guides them with some questions. Another term in this category is a dicto-comp. Here, trainer reads a text two or three times and the participants rewrite the text. Trainer also gives some key words to give the participants cues. 3 Self-writing Self-writing is when the writing is with only the self in mind as an audience. The example of self-writing is dialog journal. Participants record their thoughts, feelings, and reactions and the trainer reads and responds to them. 4 Display writing Display writing is usually writing within the school curricular context. There is an element of display in short-answer exercises, essay examinations, and research reports. The participants should master the display writing techniques. 5 Real writing Real writing is about providing genuine communication between the participants and the audiences. The participants deliver some messages to the audiences who are in need of those messages. There are some subcategories of real writing. They are as follows. a Academic Trainer can have The Language Experience Approach to give the participants opportunities to convey genuine information to each other, content-based instruction to encourage the exchange of useful information, Group problem-solving activities to support the participants to complete their writing with genuinely sought and conveyed information, and peer-editing work to give opportunity to exchange new information with each other and with the trainer. b Vocationaltechnical It is when real writing takes place in classes of participants studying English for advancement in their occupation. c Personal It is when the informal writing can take place in virtually ESL classes. Informal writing includes diaries, letters, postcards, notes and personal messages.