The author gives a clue to events that have to shape a person by letting the readers learn something about his character through past life. It is done by some ways like
direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation, or through the medium of another person 166. Next is by
conversation of others. We can get clues of characters through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him 167. The sixth is by reaction.
It can be a clue for the readers to know how a character reacts to various situations and events 168. The seventh way is by direct comment. The author can describe
or comment on a person’s character directly 170. The eighth is by thought. The author gives direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. He can tell us
about the thoughts of the characters in the story. He wants to show the characters’ personalities in a perspective way by coming into their inmost thoughts 171. The
last way is by mannerism. The readers can get clues of one’s characters by his mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies 173.
2.1.3 Critical Approaches
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr., there are five kinds of critical approaches which are used as means of understanding the nature function and
positive values of literature. The first approach is the formalist approach. It is based on the total integrity of the literary piece and concerned with the esthetic
value of the work 6-7. The second is the biographical approach. It is concerned with the necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author in
order to understand the literary object. Biographical material may bring many PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
useful facts that can help the readers to understand as well as appreciate the literary object 8-9. The third is the social cultural historical approach. It defines
civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people. In literature, the attitudes and actions take part as its subject matter. Literature is also a
criticism of life that affects human in society, and great literature should express the values of order, restraint, and human dignity 9-11. The fourth is the
mythopoeic approach. It has the aim of discovering certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought 11-13. The last approach is the psychological
approach. It involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns of human beings. The theories of psychology are applied in order to
explain the character’s personality in the story 13-15.
2.1.4 Sexuality
In sexuality, there are two main types to discuss. Those are normal and abnormal sexuality. People with normal sexuality are those who live their life in a
common way, have an intimate relationship between opposite sexes. This type of sexuality is what people believe as the right orientation. On the other hand,
abnormal sexuality is the sexuality with disorientation. There are some kinds of abnormal sexuality, but the most common are homosexuality and bisexuality.
Hemmings defines homosexuality as the condition in which a person is sexually attracted to another person within the same sex, while bisexuality is a “middle”
condition between normal and abnormal sexuality, since the person who has this disorientation is not only sexually attracted to the opposite gender but also the
same gender 2. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
