useful facts that can help the readers to understand as well as appreciate the literary object 8-9. The third is the social cultural historical approach. It defines
civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people. In literature, the attitudes and actions take part as its subject matter. Literature is also a
criticism of life that affects human in society, and great literature should express the values of order, restraint, and human dignity 9-11. The fourth is the
mythopoeic approach. It has the aim of discovering certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought 11-13. The last approach is the psychological
approach. It involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns of human beings. The theories of psychology are applied in order to
explain the character’s personality in the story 13-15.
2.1.4 Sexuality
In sexuality, there are two main types to discuss. Those are normal and abnormal sexuality. People with normal sexuality are those who live their life in a
common way, have an intimate relationship between opposite sexes. This type of sexuality is what people believe as the right orientation. On the other hand,
abnormal sexuality is the sexuality with disorientation. There are some kinds of abnormal sexuality, but the most common are homosexuality and bisexuality.
Hemmings defines homosexuality as the condition in which a person is sexually attracted to another person within the same sex, while bisexuality is a “middle”
condition between normal and abnormal sexuality, since the person who has this disorientation is not only sexually attracted to the opposite gender but also the
same gender 2. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2.1.4.1 Characteristics of People with Normal Sexuality
Jim Smith presents the idea of normal and abnormal behavior, including sexuality, based on various theories in the area of psychology that have developed
over the years. He finds that the existence of abnormal behavior depends upon several conditions such as time, culture, and attitudes 5. In sexuality, sexual
dysfunctions and sexual variants are the so-called “abnormalities” of human. Hence, it can be concluded that normal sexuality means the state of sexually with
no dysfunction or variant suffered by a person. Sexual orientation comes up unconsciously in human’s mind. It is a kind of archetypes that are not ready-made
ideas because they are genetically psychic inheritances Bressler 154-155. Sometimes the orientation also can be acquired through mental illness, interaction,
and a process of learning Smith 5-8. Therefore, heterosexuals, people with the desire of sexual engagement with a sexually mature member of the opposite
gender, are those who are considered as normal Smith 138.
2.1.4.2 Characteristics of People with Abnormal Sexuality
According to Smith, abnormal sexuality can be divided into two major parts, sexual dysfunctions and sexual variants. Sexual dysfunction refers to
“impairment either in the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it”. It is something that is related to someone’s personal health and background.
For example, erectile insufficiency and frigidity 137. On the other hand, sexual variant is “behavior in which satisfaction is dependent primarily on something
other than a mutually desired sexual engagement with a sexually mature member of the opposite gender” 138.
