religious flagellant, and suffering in general” 141. The eleventh is incest. It happens when there is a sexual relation between family members within the same
blood 141. The twelfth is pedophilia, with children as the object of sexual pleasure 142. The last type is rape. Raping is “sexual intercourse or unnatural
sexual intercourse by a person with another who is compelled to submit to force” 142.
2.1.4.3 Causes of Abnormal Sexuality
Abnormal sexuality or sexual perversions may happen because of some stimulation. According to Alan Stone and Sue Smart Stone, “perversions, like any
other symptoms, are not simply fixations, but also represent an attempt to deal with anxiety or conflict” 319. Smith states that there are some factors which are
seen as the causes of abnormal sexuality. Sexual dysfunctions may be affected by genital injuries, disease, fatigue, excessive alcohol, and others as follows Smith
137. The first is faulty learning. It can lead young people to start out with
wrong expectations and information that possibly impair their sexual adequacy 138. The second concerns feelings of fear, anxiety, and inadequacy. They are
attributed to faulty learning and later aversive experiences 138. Interpersonal problems are also considered as a factor. Emotions and feelings take roles in this
factor 138. The fourth is changing male-female roles and relationships. Sometimes men feel less dominant than women who expect too much in the
relationship, so that it affects men sexually 138. Other factors are homosexuality, low sex drive, and rejection and disturbed family background
which make it difficult for a person to get involved in an interpersonal relationship.
Meanwhile, sexual variants may be affected by three factors. The first is the normal level absence of adults presence of the opposite sex 138. The second
is individual’s lack of social skills which are actually important for adult heterosexual relationships 138. The last is the failure of creating a firm
psychological gender identity inside oneself 138.
2.1.5 Motivation
Motivation is the reason for a person to do something. It will cause someone to behave specifically. There are some definitions of motivation which
come from various experts. Wright, Taylor, Davies, Sluckin, Lee, and Reasor say that motive is a particular level of reasons for doing something as when we
discuss motives for a crime, for example. It refers to that which causes an individual to behave in a specific way 206. Jung states that sometimes we cannot
separate motivation with emotion because emotion operates motives in generating responses. He simply considers both motives and emotions as motives 4.
According to Bootzin, Loftus, Zajonc Black, La Piccolo, and Holahan, “motive is the dynamic property of behavior that gives it organization over time
and that defines its end states”. It is the purpose that leads someone’s behavior in order to achieve goals or needs as the end state 367. They divide motivation into
two parts, external and internal motivation. The external motivation or incentus is the motivation that comes because of the environment influences, while the
internal motivation or drives comes from the person himself 368. They also have PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
