the theory of extrinsic motivation for the behavior that is motivated by external reward, while intrinsic motivation is for the behavior motivated by an individual’s
established persons 383.
2.1.6 Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s definition about motivation, as explained by Petri, relates to the human needs. People’s behavior is caused by some motives and that they conduct
actions to fulfill their needs. According to Maslow, there are five basic needs which are stated in the hierarchy of needs. The first needs are the physiological
needs. The need for food, liquid, shelter, sex, sleep, and oxygen are the most basic, powerful, and obvious of all human needs since they are needs for physical
survival. These needs are primary needs for human being 302-303. The second are the safety needs. A person needs the safety to grow in
order to feel secure. It will emerge after the physiological needs are satisfied 303. The third are the belongingness and love needs. Maslow says that without
love, the growth and development of someone’s ability will be troubled. Love is a healthy-loving relationship between two people, which includes mutual trust. It
involves both giving and receiving 303. The fourth are the esteem needs. Maslow defines two kinds of esteem needs, self-respect and esteem from other
people. Self-esteem growing in a person will cause him to be more confident, capable, and productive 303-304.
The fifth needs are the self-actualization needs. Self-actualization needs will emerge when the first four levels of need have been satisfied. It is the desire
someone has inside to prove himself, become more and more what he is, as well as become everything that he is capable of becoming 304-305.
2.1.7 Goals in Life
When a person has a motivation to achieve something, he attempts to get the goals. Halsey defines goals as “dreams with deadlines”. Individual can make
his dreams come true by setting goals and trying some efforts in order to bring them into realization. She says that “by setting goals and identifying what you
need to do to get there, will cut down on a lot of stress in your life. At the same time, you will be making those dreams a reality”.
Bryan presents eight steps of goal achievement theory that he believes can help to manage actions of pursuing goals. The first step is by defining the goal. A
person has to start with defining goal as precisely as possible, for example a good job, a new car, or anything else. The second is visualizing. By visualizing that the
goal comes true, a person can picture himself after the goal has come true. The third is by writing the goals down. Writing down things to achieve and often
looking at them encourage a person not to stop trying. The fourth is to believe it will happen. Doubting causes goal will not happen because it is admitting defeat.
A person needs to believe that he is worthy of the goal. The fifth step is by gaining the knowledge. It means finding out what other people do to achieve the
same goal. The sixth step is working out a plan. A person should look at where he is now, where he wants to be, and work backwards, step by step, until he can see
what the first step is, that he needs to take to get to his goal. The seventh is taking PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
the first step. Often becoming the hardest part to do, taking the first step has much power to support a person in pursuing his goal, because it leads to other steps
follow. The last step is to keep going. Even though the efforts to do are getting tougher, they still have to be faced
Bryan, Gordon.
8 Step
Basic Goal
Achievement Theory.
http:www.icbs.comKBinspirationkb_inspiration-8-step-basic-goal- achievement-theory.htm,
accessed on August 8, 2008.
2.2 Criticism In order to understand the novel Vita Sexualis deeply, some criticisms
from some books, articles, and sites that relate to the novel and Ogai Mori as the author of the novel are gathered. The article of James Reichert from Asian
Languages of Stanford University states that Ogai Mori waged a 20-year campaign against Naturalism. The culmination of this extended campaign was
Vita Sexualis, a work that strove to discredit Naturalism and its founding principles. He considers Ogai Mori’s mobilization in utilizing two strategies to
attack Naturalism: history and science. He says about how the author will explore the way that those two strategies work with and against each other.
Some sites of Ogai Mori comment on how he left behind no direct disciples to carry on his work, but the extraordinary range of his activities, the
high seriousness of his purpose, and the enormous influence he exerted on both contemporary and later writers have caused him to be ranked with Natsume
Soseki as one of the preeminent writers of the Meiji period. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
