CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of review of related theories, criticism, and theoretical framework. The review of related theories covers theory of character,
theory of characterization, theory of critical approaches, theory of sexuality, theory of motivation, theory of hierarchy of needs, and theory of goals in life.
Criticism contains information about the novel and the author from some sources. Further, theoretical framework describes some explanations of the reviewed
theories used in employing the answers of the problems on the problem formulation.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
Theories of related literature consist of seven important parts. The first is theory of character. The second is theory of characterization. The third part is
theory of critical approaches. The fourth part is theory of sexuality. The fifth part is theory of motivation. The sixth is theory of hierarchy of needs, and the last part
is the theory of goals in life. The theory of character consists of the definitions of character and the types of character. The theory of characterization consists of the
definitions of characterization and the methods of characterization. Meanwhile, the theory of sexuality consists of the characteristics of people with normal
sexuality, the characteristics of people with abnormal sexuality, and the causes of abnormal sexuality.
8 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2.1.1 Character
Theory of character contains some crucial parts to understand the characters in the novel. It is important to find out the answer to the first problem
of this study. Those parts are definitions of character and types of character.
2.1.1.1 Definitions of Character
Character is one of the most important elements in literary works. Abrams defines character as “a literary genre: a short, and usually witty, sketch in prose of
a distinctive type of person” or “the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and
dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say--the dialogue--and by what they do--the action” 20. In other words, characters are the people in the
novel, including their personalities or characteristics. Through the eyes of the characters, the readers can experience not only the characters’ life but also see
what Henkle says as “a vision of a world” 48. The characters show the picture of their world in the story and make the readers able to identify the novel’s world.
The character in the novel, as Forster calls as “Homo Fictus” 38, has the qualities of ordinary human beings. They are named, given sexes, provided with
personalities, including physical and psychological aspects. But, there is a difference since the characters in the novel can be understood completely because
their inner and outer life can be exposed if the author wants to, something that cannot be found in real life Forster 32.
