Conceptual Framework LITERATURE REVIEW

F. Conceptual Framework

The theories employed and discussed in this research can be summarized in a conceptual framework as performed in Figure 1 below. Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Children’s Independence Children’s Literature 1. The nature of children’s literature 2. Children in children’s literature 3. The hidden adults 4. Adults’ Roles

1. Cognitive

independence 2. Communication independence Enid B lyton’s The Six Bad Boys, The Naughtiest Girl Again, and Naughty Amelia Jane RQ1: What kinds of children’s independence are portrayed in Blyton’s The Six Bad Boys, The Naughtiest Girl Again, and Naughty Amelia Jane? RQ2: What roles of adults portrayed in these novels? Children’s Independence Reflected in Characterization 1. By Actions

2. By Speech

3. By Appearance

4. By Other’s Comment 5. By Author’s Comment RQ3: How does the author reflect children’s independence in characterization in the novels? 43

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Design

There are three types of research, which are quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research. Quantitative research is conducted based on the objective theories by using variables and measuring the connection among used variables Creswell, 2009:4. It means that the research data can be measured through numerical processes. The result itself means the final answer from the variables measurement. Qualitative research is conducted based on social problems to understand the phenomenon in social life Creswell, 2009:4. In making the result, numerical processes cannot be done because the data is concluded from the researcher’s interpretation. The last one mixed research which is a research that combines both of quantitative and qualitative research. This study is a qualitative research because the researcher uses words, phrase, sentence, and discourses as the main data. These data will not be performed in numerical result. The qualitative research is conducted because it enables the researcher to create in-depth interpretation upon the social phenomena Snape in Ritchie, 2003:3. The interpretation might be different from one person to another because it is based on how far one’s understanding upon a certain phenomenon using personal perspectives. It shows that a qualitative research has a flexible state because it uses each researcher’s point of view. The researcher emphasizes her focus on