Derivational suffixes Prefixes A Contrastive Analysis Between English And Acehnese Affixes

2.3 Inflectional suffixes

Inflection changes grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category. In the example: “The weather forecaster said it would clear today, but it hasnt cleared at all” The suffix -ed inflects the root-word clear to indicate past tense. Some inflectional suffixes in present day English: • -s third person singular present • -ed past tense • -ing progressivecontinuous • -en past participle • -s plural • -en plural irregular • -er comparative • -est superlative • -nt negative

2.4 Derivational suffixes

Derivational suffix is use to form a new words, as with happy-ness and un- happy from happy, or determination from determine. Universitas Sumatera Utara In the example: The weather forecaster said it would be clear today, but I cant see clearly at all The suffix -ly modifies the root-word clear from an adjective into an adverb. Derivation can also form a semantically distinct word within the same syntactic category. In this example: The weather forecaster said it would be a clear day today, but I think its more like clearest The suffix -ish modifies the root-word clear, changing its meaning to clear, but not very clear. Some derivational suffixes in present day English: • -ian • -ize-ise • -fy • -ly • -ful • -able-ible • -hood • -ness • -less Universitas Sumatera Utara • -ism • -ment • -ist • -al • -ish

2.6 Infix

An infix is an affix inserted inside a stem an existing word. It contrasts with adfix, a rare term for an affix attached to the outside of a stem, such as a prefix or suffix. English has almost no true infixes and those it does have are marginal. A few are heard in colloquial speech, and a couple more are found in technical terminology. Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER III AFFIXES IN ENGLISH

Prefix and suffix are parts of affixation which deal with words formation. Prefix is defined as an affix which is placed in the beginning of the base form. Suffix is defined as an affix which is attached to the end of the base form. In English, there are so many prefixes and suffixes used to form new words. They are much found in English words rather than infix and confix. In this case, the writer limits her analysis merely on prefix and suffix in accordance with the title of this thesis.

3.1 Prefixes

There are ten prefixes of English listed by the writer of this thesis and will described: prefix a- ei, ə prefix en- en, in prefix be- bi prefix in- \n prefix co- k əu prefix mis m\s prefix de- di, dɿ prefix re- ri: prefix dis- dis prefix un- ʌn Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.1.1 Prefix a- ei, ə

3.1.1.a Form Prefix a- has only one form. It does not have any change when it is attached to any base word. This prefix is often attached to the base which begins with consonant phonemes only. For examples: a- + cross = across ‘opposite’ a- + head = ahead ‘in front’ a- + bridge = abridge ‘make shorter’ 3.1.1.b Distribution Prefix a- may be attached to the base as follows: a. Noun e.g. a- + foot = afoot a- + head = ahead b.Verb e.g. a- + wake = awake a- + sleep = asleep c. Adjective e.g. a- + new = anew a- + broad = abroad 3.1.1.c Function Universitas Sumatera Utara Prefix a- functions to form new words as follows: a. To form verb from adjective and noun. e.g. a- + rise N = arise ‘present itself’ a- + base Adj = abase ‘degrade oneself’ b. To form adverb from noun and adjective. e.g. a- + cross N = across ‘opposite’ a- + loud Adj = aload ‘loudly’ 3.1.1.d Meaning The meaning of prefix a- may be described as follows: a. To state the meaning of ‘not or without’. e.g. a- + moral = amoral ‘not concern with moral’ a- + septic = aseptic ‘free from bacteria’ b. To state the meaning of manner. e.g. a- + loud = aloud ‘in loud manner’ a- + new = anew ‘in a new way’ c. To state the meaning of ‘in, on’. e.g. a- + field = afield ‘on field’ a- + foot = afoot ‘on foot’ d. To do an action relates to what mentioned in the base. e.g. a- + ware = aware ‘having realization’ a- + mass = ‘collect’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.1.2 Prefix be bi 3.1.2.a Form Prefix be- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with consonant only e.g. be- + fall = befall ‘happen to’ be- + rate = berate ‘scold sharply’ be- + little = belittle’cause to seem a small value’ 3.1.2.b Distribution Prefix be- attached to the base as follows: a. Noun e.g. be- + friend = befriend ‘make a friend of’ be- + witch = bewitch ‘work magic on’ a. Verb e.g. be- + wail = bewail ‘exprress sorrow over’ be- + grudge = begrudge’show dissastisfaction at’ b. Adjective e.g. be- + like = belike ‘possibly’ be- + foul = befoul ‘make dirty’ 3.1.2.c Function Prefix be- is functioning to form verb from noun and adjective. e.g. be- + guileN = be guile ‘cheat, deceive’ Universitas Sumatera Utara be- + lowAdj = below ‘under’ 3.1.2.d Meaning The meaning of prefix be- can be described as follows: a. To indicate the meaning of ‘make, become’ as mentioned in the base. e.g. be- + fit = befit ‘become suitable for’ be- + foul = befoul ‘make dirty, b. To indicate the meaning of ‘doing an action’ relating to what is mentioned in the base. e.g. be- + witch = bewitch ‘magic spell on’ be- + moan = bemoan ‘moan for’ c. To indicate the meaning ‘all over or in all directions’. e.g. be- + deck = bedeck ‘decorate in all direction’ be- + siege = besiege ‘attacj from all sides’

3.1.3 Prefix co- k əu

3.1.3.a Form Prefix co- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel and consonant phonemes. e.g. co- + exist = coexist ‘exist at the same time’ co- + incide = coincide ‘correspond in area and outline’ co- + operate = cooperate ‘work together’ Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.1.3. b Distribution

Prefix co- may be attached to: a. Noun e.g. co + tenant = cotenant ‘joint tenant’ co + prosperity = coprosperity ‘prosperity together’ b. Verb e.g. co- + operate = cooperate ‘work together’ co- + exist = coexist ‘ exist at the same time’ c. Adjective e.g. co- + efficient = coefficient ‘known or unknown’ co- + equal = coequal ‘emphatic for equal’ 3.1.3.c Function Prefix co- is functioning to form intransitive verb from transitive one and noun. e.g. co- + incide Vt = coincide ‘correspond in area’ co- + habit N = cohabit ‘live together’ 3.1.3.d Meaning The meaning of prefix co- may be mentioned as follows: a. To indicate ‘togetherness, equal and jointly’ e.g. co- + tenant = cotenant ‘joint tenant’ Universitas Sumatera Utara co- + education = coeducation ‘education of boys and girls together’. b. To indicate ‘emphatic’ e.g. co- + equal = coequal ‘emphatic for equal’ 3.1.4 Prefix de- di, dɿ 3.1.4.a Form The form of prefix de- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes. e.g. de + frost = defrost ‘remove, get ride of’ de + base = make lower in value’ de + populate = depopulate ‘lessen the number of people living in a place’ 3.1.4.b Distribution Prefix de- may be attached to the base forms as follows: a. Noun e.g. de- + compress = decompress ‘bring back subject to normal pressure’ de- + range = derange ‘put out of working order’ b. Verb e.g. de- + press = depress ‘push or pull down’ de- + serve = deserve ‘be entitled to’ Universitas Sumatera Utara c. Adjective e.g. de- + base = debase ‘make lower in value’ 3.1.4.c Function The function of prefix de- may be described as follows: a. To form verb from noun. e.g. de- + four = defour ‘round about way’ de- + horn = dehorn ‘remove the horn form’ b. To form verb from adjective e.g. de- + mean = demean ‘lower oneself in social esteem’ de- + base = debase ‘make lower in value’ 3.1.4.d Meaning The meaning of prefix de- may be described as follows: a. To indicate ‘negative or opposite of’ e.g. de- + crease = decrease ‘cause to become shorter’ de- + grade = degrade ‘reduce in rank or status’ b. To state ‘the action’ of what mentioned in the base. e.g. de- + press = depress ‘press or pull down’ de- + bauch = debauch ‘to act immorally’ Universitas Sumatera Utara 3.1.5 Prefix dis- dis 3.1.5.a Form Prefix dis- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes. e.g. dis- + able = disable ‘make unable to do something’ dis- + honest = dishonest ‘not honest’ dis- + order = disorder ‘absence of order’ 3.1.5.b Distribution Prefix dis- may be attached to: a. Noun e.g. dis- + union = disunion ‘breaking of what unites’ dis- + place = displace ‘put out of the right place’ b. Verb e.g. dis- + obey = disobey ‘pay no attention to orders’ dis- + organixze = disorganize ‘throw inti confusion’ c. Adjective e.g. dis- + loyal = disloyal ‘not loyal to’ dis- + similar = dissimilar ‘not the same’ 3.1.5.c Function Prefix dis- functions to form: a. Verb from noun Universitas Sumatera Utara e.g. dis- + grace = disgrace ‘bring disgrace on’ dis- + prove = disprove ‘proved to be wrong’ b. Verb from adjective e.g. dis- + like = dislike ‘not like’ dis- + able = disable ‘not able’ 3.1.5.d Meaning The meaning of prefix dis- can be described as follows: a. To state the meaning of ‘negative or opposite’ e.g. dis- + agree = disagree ‘not agree’ dis- + like = dislike ‘not like’ b. To indicate the meaning of ‘change, lack of, remove from’ e.g. dis- + locate = dislocate ‘put something out of position’ dis- + harmony = disharmony ‘lack of harmony’ 3.1.6 Prefix en- en, in 3.1.6.a Form Prefix en- does not have any change when it is attached to the base form beginning with phoneme p or b. it may be changed into em-. Besides, prefix en- may also attach to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes. e.g. en- + close = enclose ‘put a wall, fence, etc round’ en- + power = empower ‘give power or authority to act’ Universitas Sumatera Utara en- + bark = embark ‘put or take on board a ship’ 3.1.6.b Distribution The base words which may be attached by prefix en- are: a. Noun e.g. en- + code = encode ‘put in a code’ en- + case = encase ‘pu into a case’ b. Verb e.g. en- + roll = enroll ‘ cause to become a member’ en- + join = enjoin ‘give an order for’ c. Adjective e.g. en- + sure = ensure ‘make sure’ en- + rich = enrich ‘make rich’ 3.1.6.c Function Prefix en- may be function as follows:

a. To form verb from noun.