A Contrastive Analysis Between English And Acehnese Affixes

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A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND

ACEHNESE AFFIXES

A THESIS

By:

Neni Umar

Reg.No. 080721024

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirahmannirahim, Assalamual’alaikum Wr. Wb..

First, I would like to thank to the almighty Allah SWT for the blessing and charity through my life and study, especially in completing this thesis entitled “A Contrastive Analysis between English and Acehnese Affixes” shalawat and Salam are also presented upon to Prophet Muhammad SAW.

This thesis could not be completed without helps from some people. In this occasion, I would like thank: Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum, the Head of English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Secretary of English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara, and also as my supervisor who helped in doing this thesis. Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A. for the precious time and valuable advices in correcting and reading this thesis, All of the lectures who have lectured me wisely during academic years, especially to Drs. Parlindungan

Purba, M.Hum, for his attention to me.

Thank you to my beloved parents, my father the late Nyak Umar, and my mother Nurhayati, for their love, support, and prayers. I am proud to be your daughter. Muharlia Umar and Nadia Umar, thank you for everything. You are

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cool guys! And thank you to Abbas’s Family who gives me much support to complete my thesis.

Especially, thank to Dyta, Chipi, Ai, Zai, Kak Nana and Kak sin for their helped and for makes my days cheerful. Keep in touch guys! To my roommate Intan, thanks for the seven amazing years. And thank you to everybody who have helped and inspired me to complete this thesis. Thanks for everything and time that we share together. May Allah SWT bless us all, Amin.

Finally, I realize that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, constructive criticism, advice, and suggestion aimed for this thesis will be warmly welcomed and highly appreciated. I hope this thesis is useful for the readers. Wassalamu’alaikum..

Medan, 21 December 2010 The writer

Neni Umar Reg. No. : 080721024

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ABSTRAK

Skipsi ini berjudul, “A Contrastive Analysis between English and Acehnese Affixes”. Dalam hal ini saya berusaha menganalisis prefiksasi dan sufiksasi yang terdapat dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Aceh. Proses prefiksasi dan sufiksasi yang terdapat pada kedua bahasa tersebut, pada akhirnya dibandingkan melalui suatu analisis kontrastif; dimana terdapat beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan dari segi bentuk, distribusi, fungsi dan makna. Dalam menganalisis kedua bahasa tersebut, saya menggunakan metode analisis kontrastif, yaitu suatu metode pengkajian linguistik yang berusaha menguraikan perbedaan dan persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan. Selanjutnya, saya menemukan buku-buku yang relevan dengan pokok bahasan skripsi ini, dilanjutkan dengan mengadakan penelitian langsung dengan para informan yang telah memberikan data-data tentang bahasa yang dianalisis. Dari hasil analisis di dapatkan bahwa dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Aceh terdapat persamaan dan perbedaan dalam bentuk, distribusi, fungsi, dan arti dalam prefiksasi dan sufiksasi.

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, NENI UMAR, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part form this thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : NENI UMAR

Title of Paper : A Contrastive Analysis between English and Acehnese Affixes

Qualification : S1/Sarjana Sastra

Study Program : English Department

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at discretion of the librarian of the S1 English Department Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

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page

ACKNOWLEDGMENT……….. i

ABSTACT………...……….. ii

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION……… iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS………... v

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS……… vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION……… 1

1.1 Background of the Analysis………. 1

1.2 Problem of the Analysis………... 4

1.3 Objective of the Analysis………. 4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis……….. 4

1.5 Methods of the Analysis………... 5

1.6 Significance of the Analysis………. 6

1.7 Review of Related Literature……….. 6

CHAPTER II. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF AFFIXES………... 8

2.1 Prefix……… 11

2.2 Suffix……….. 12

2.3 Inflectional Suffixes……… 13

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2.5 Infix………. 15

CHAPTER III. AFFIXES IN ENGLISH ... 16

3.1 Prefixes ... 16

3.2 Suffixes ... 33

CHAPTER IV. AFFIXES IN ACEHNESE ... 48

4.1 Prefixes ... 48

4.2 Suffixes ... 56

CHAPTER V. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ... 61

5.1 Correspondences………...62

5.2 Non-Correspondence………68

CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 73

6.1 Concussions………..77

6.2 Suggestions………...77

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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE THESIS

/ / Phonetic Transcriptions

+ attached to

= becomes

‘ ‘ meaning

( ) namely

Eng. English

AL Acehnese Language

N noun

V Verb

Adj. Adjective Adv. Adverb

Cf. Confer (from Latin) Compare (English) Etc. Et cetera (from Latin) And so forth (English) ie. Id est (from Latin) That is (English) e.g. exempli (from Latin) For Example (English) et al. et ali (From Latin) And others (English)

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ABSTRAK

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis

Language is a tool of communication, and plays an important role in human life. Human being would find difficulty to communicate or interact with others without a language. Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of

communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols (Sapir, 1921: 8). Based on the said statement, it can be assumed that

language is used to express feelings, ideas, emotions, and desires. Therefore, language is very dominant in activities in life.

Leonard Bloomfield (1968 : 207) states, “By the morphology of a language we mean a constructions in which bound forms appear among the constituents.” The resultant forms are both bound forms and words. One process that builds up the constructions of words is affixation.

English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two further waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th

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centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree. Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages (Latin based languages). This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary.

English content words-normally nouns, verbs, and modifiers-may be regarded as consisting of a simple word base with the option of one or more “affixes.” Lamberts (1972: 294) states, “An affix is a morpheme which may be attached at the beginning or end of a base or to one or more morphemes ultimately

attached to such a base”. It is attached to a wor

are

by adding morphemes (affixes) at the beginning (prefixes), and the end of the word (suffixes).

Acehnese people have their ethic language, which is a part of the Austronesia language family. Acehnese language consist of several dialects, including Aceh Utara, Peusangan, Banda, Bueng, Daya, Pase, Pidie, Tunong,

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Seunagan, Matang, and Meulaboh. And the writer used dialect of Aceh Utara, which used in Lhokseumawe, Aceh utara.

There are many ways of word formation contained in many languages. Similarly, in the Acehnese there are in morphological processes of word formation. One of the morphological process contained in the Acehnese is affixation. Ali (1983: 10) states, “Affixation is occurs when a morpheme is attached to a free morpheme to form the word derivative”.

One of the linguistic aspects is concerned with the contrastive analysis. In the book entitled “Contrastive Linguistics A Course Material,” Naibaho says that “Contrastive Analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more languages (or sub-system of languages) are made explicit”. The interest in this analysis is merely the linguistic nature of languages compared without relating the differences and similarities to any speakers in the process of analysis. In this study, these two languages are contrasted based on morphological point of view that is about affixes in English and Acehnese. Sapir (1921: 59) states, “Every Language possesses one or more formal method for indicating the relation of a secondary concept to the main concept of the radical element”. It may then clearly understand that every language has a grammatical process as such as affixes which are spread widely.

English and Acehnese absolutely come from different language family. The writer studied both of that language because the writer interested to find the correspondences and non-correspondences in different root language. According to the writer, English language is an interesting subject to be analyzed. Besides the

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writer was born in Aceh, in other words the writer also Acehnese. Due to that, the writer chooses this topic to describe to the readers about the linguistic process of Acehnese especially about affixes.

1.2 Problem of the Analysis

In this thesis, the problems which are analyzed as follows: 1. How are the affixations in English and Acehnese occurred?

2. Is there any correspondences and non-correspondences in form, distribution, function, and meaning between English and Acehnese affixes?

1.3 Objective of the Analysis

The objective of this thesis is to find the answers of the problem which are mentioned above. Namely:

1. To explain the occurrences of affixation in English and Acehnese.

2. To find out the correspondences and non-correspondences in form, distribution, function, and meaning between English and Acehnese affixes.

1.4 Scope of the Analysis

There are many kinds of affixes. But, this thesis limits the analysis into prefixes, and suffixes. It is important to limit the analysis in order to make the

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readers clearly and easily understand. So, this thesis concerns with affixation in English and Acehnese Language.

1.5 Methods of the Analysis

In writing this thesis, the writer applies contrastive analysis. That is with compare two languages, so that we could see the similarity and differences about that language. The data also collected from library research, internet, and some books. Naibaho (2006 : 1) says that “Contrastive Analysis is the method of Analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more languages (or sub-system of languages) are made explicit”. The writer read some books and references that related to the subject matter, the writer collect and select the relevant data, then from the explanation of the data will be spell out. The kind of data is qualitative data. Nawawi (1991 : 97) states, “Data kualitatif dinyatakan

dalam bentuk kalimat atau uraian”. In this thesis, the main data is collected

directly from the native speaker who knows very well about Acehnese Language. In analyzing the data, the writer tries to find correspondences and non correspondences by comparing two languages based on morphological point of view that is about affixes in English and Acehnese.

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1.6 Significance of the Analysis

This thesis is expected to give some significance for readers. They are: 1. Practically, this thesis is hoped could be references to the readers. And to

tell the readers those languages in Indonesia can be compared with another language in the world.

2. Academically, this thesis is hoped to enrich knowledge of students of faculty of letters, especially English literatures department and as a contribution for those who need references in doing a research.

3. Theoretically, this thesis is hoped can enrich the writer and other researchers knowledge about linguistic.

1.7 Review of Related Literature

In analyzing the morphology process of English and Acehnese affixes, the writer have read some books that related to the cases. Most of the books refer to language and its aspects particularly the morphology.

Naibaho (2006 : 1) says that “Contrastive Analysis is the method of analysis whereby the differences and similarities of two or more language (or sub-system of language) are made explicit”.

In completing this thesis, the writer refer to some related literature from some researchers, they are:

Nurhadi. S (2008), in his thesis “A Contrastive Analysis of Suffixes between

English and Acehnese”. The thesis analyzes the form, distribution, function, and

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Here are some titles of books that discuss about morphology and Acehnese affixation that required in this thesis. Zaini Ali dkk : Sistem Morfologi Kata Kerja

Bahasa Aceh. Budiman Sulaiman dkk : Struktur Bahasa Aceh : Morfologi dan Sintaksis. Wildan dkk : Tata Bahasa Aceh.

In the book entitled Struktur Bahasa Aceh: Morfologi dan Sintaksis, Sulaiman says that “Pembentukan kata baru (berimbuhan) dalam bahasa Aceh

dilakukan dengan cara penambahan pada kata asal. Sebagai akibat dari prose situ, kadang-kadang terjadilah perubahan fonologi, yaitu perubahan atau penggantian salah satu fonem pada suatu morfem”.

Based on the finding of these above, the writer want to explain that the analysis focuses on English and Acehnese affixes. Actually, this thesis is the same with some these above, that is the affixation but with different objects of the analysis.

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CHAPTER II

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF AFFIXES

An affix is a (Scalise, 1984: 79) Affixes are introduced by the difference between the representation of affixes and the rules that introduced them. Affixes, therefore, must be bracketed not as autonomous formatives but rather as formatives that are added to other specific formatives. Not be labeled with only one syntactic category since they, in fact, express a relation between two syntactic categories (e.g. –ic forms Adjective from nouns), and be provided with a boundary symbol.

The set of affixes can be divided into two subsets, prefixes and suffixes. Depending, among other things, on the position in which they are attached. The former precede the element to which they are added, while the latter follow it. It should be noted that prefixes are different from stems (which we have seen are sometimes also referred as prefixes); while prefixes are uniquely attached to the left of their base element, stems exhibit a variety of combinatorial possibilities.

Affixation is, thus, the linguistic process speakers use to form new words (neologisms) by adding morphemes (affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words.

Affixes are divided into several categories, depending on their position with reference to the stem. Prefix and suffix are extremely common terms. Infix and

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circumfix are less so, as they are not important in European languages. The other terms are uncommon.

Categories of affixes

Affix Example Schema Description

un-do prefix-stem

Appears at the front of a stem.

stem-suffix

Appears at the back of a stem.

Minne‹flippin'›sota st‹infix›em

Appears within

a stem common in

a›scatter‹ed circumfix›stem‹circumfix

One position appears at the front of a stem, and the other at the rear.

speed-o-meter stema-interfix-stemb

Links two stems together

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in a

teeny~weeny stem~duplifix

Incorporates a position of a stem

(may occur in front, at the rear, or within the stem).

"he

wrote"(compare root ktb "write")

s‹transfix›te‹transfix›m A discontinuous affix that interleaves within a discontinuous stem.

mouse → mice

Changes a segment of a stem. produce (noun) produce (verb) Changes a phoneme of a

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stem.

"break up" (compare root

tipasli "break")

Stem

The a portion of a stem.

Prefix and suffix may be subsumed under the term adfix in contrast to infix. In transcription, for example in the third column in the chart above, simple affixes such as prefixes and suffixes are shown connected to the stem with hyphens. Affixes which disrupt the stem, or which themselves are discontinuous, are often marked off with angle brackets.

2.1 Prefix

A prefix is a in the study of alters the form of the words to which it is affixed.

Examples of prefixes:

• unhappy : un is a negative or antonymic prefix.

• prefix, preview : pre is a prefix, with the sense of before

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The word prefix is itself made up of the stem fix (meaning attach, in this case), and the prefix pre- (meaning "before"), both of which are derived from

2.2 Suffix

I which is placed after th which indicate th which form the to which they are fixed. I suffixes and endings (see

Suffixes can carry grammatical information

Some examples from English:

Girls, where the suffix -s marks th

He makes, where suffix -s marks the third person

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2.3 Inflectional suffixes

Inflection changes grammatical properties of a word within its

“The weather forecaster said it would clear today, but it hasn't cleared at all”

The suffix -ed inflects th inflectional suffixes in present day English:

• -s third person singular present

• -ed past tense

• -ing

• -en

• -s plural

• -en plural (irregular)

• -er

• -est

• -n't

2.4 Derivational suffixes

Derivational suffix is use to form a new words, as with happy-ness and un-happy from un-happy, or determination from determine.

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In the example:

"The weather forecaster said it would be clear today, but I can't see clearly at all"

The suffix -ly modifies the root-word clear from an Derivation can also form a semantically distinct word within the same syntactic category. In this example:

"The weather forecaster said it would be a clear day today, but I think it's more like clearest!"

The suffix -ish modifies the root-word clear, changing its meaning to "clear, but not very clear".

Some derivational suffixes in present day English:

•

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•

2.6 Infix

An infix is a with prefix or suffix.

English has almost no true infixes and those it does have are marginal. A few are heard in colloquial speech, and a couple more are found i

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CHAPTER III AFFIXES IN ENGLISH

Prefix and suffix are parts of affixation which deal with words formation. Prefix is defined as an affix which is placed in the beginning of the base form. Suffix is defined as an affix which is attached to the end of the base form.

In English, there are so many prefixes and suffixes used to form new words. They are much found in English words rather than infix and confix. In this case, the writer limits her analysis merely on prefix and suffix in accordance with the title of this thesis.

3.1 Prefixes

There are ten prefixes of English listed by the writer of this thesis and will described:

prefix a- / ei, ə / prefix en- / en, in / prefix be- / bi / prefix in- / \n / prefix co- / kəu / prefix mis / m\s / prefix de- / di, dɿ / prefix re- / ri: / prefix dis- / dis / prefix un- /ʌn /

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3.1.1 Prefix a- / ei, ə / 3.1.1.a Form

Prefix a- has only one form. It does not have any change when it is attached to any base word. This prefix is often attached to the base which begins with consonant phonemes only.

For examples:

a- + cross = across ‘opposite’ a- + head = ahead ‘in front’

a- + bridge = abridge ‘make shorter’

3.1.1.b Distribution

Prefix a- may be attached to the base as follows: a. Noun

e.g. a- + foot = afoot a- + head = ahead b.Verb

e.g. a- + wake = awake a- + sleep = asleep c. Adjective

e.g. a- + new = anew a- + broad = abroad

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Prefix a- functions to form new words as follows: a. To form verb from adjective and noun.

e.g. a- + rise (N) = arise ‘present itself’ a- + base (Adj) = abase ‘degrade oneself’ b. To form adverb from noun and adjective.

e.g. a- + cross (N) = across ‘opposite’ a- + loud (Adj) = aload ‘loudly’

3.1.1.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix a- may be described as follows: a. To state the meaning of ‘not or without’.

e.g. a- + moral = amoral ‘not concern with moral’ a- + septic = aseptic ‘free from bacteria’ b. To state the meaning of manner.

e.g. a- + loud = aloud ‘in loud manner’ a- + new = anew ‘in a new way’ c. To state the meaning of ‘in, on’.

e.g. a- + field = afield ‘on field’ a- + foot = afoot ‘on foot’ d. To do an action relates to what mentioned in the base.

e.g. a- + ware = aware ‘having realization’ a- + mass = ‘collect’

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3.1.2 Prefix be /bi / 3.1.2.a Form

Prefix be- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with consonant only

e.g. be- + fall = befall ‘happen to’ be- + rate = berate ‘scold sharply’

be- + little = belittle’cause to seem a small value’

3.1.2.b Distribution

Prefix be- attached to the base as follows: a. Noun

e.g. be- + friend = befriend ‘make a friend of’ be- + witch = bewitch ‘work magic on’ a. Verb

e.g. be- + wail = bewail ‘exprress sorrow over’ be- + grudge = begrudge’show dissastisfaction at’ b. Adjective

e.g. be- + like = belike ‘possibly’ be- + foul = befoul ‘make dirty’

3.1.2.c Function

Prefix be- is functioning to form verb from noun and adjective. e.g. be- + guile(N) = be guile ‘cheat, deceive’

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be- + low(Adj) = below ‘under’

3.1.2.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix be- can be described as follows:

a. To indicate the meaning of ‘make, become’ as mentioned in the base. e.g. be- + fit = befit ‘become suitable for’

be- + foul = befoul ‘make dirty,

b. To indicate the meaning of ‘doing an action’ relating to what is mentioned in the base.

e.g. be- + witch = bewitch ‘magic spell on’ be- + moan = bemoan ‘moan for’ c. To indicate the meaning ‘all over or in all directions’.

e.g. be- + deck = bedeck ‘decorate in all direction’ be- + siege = besiege ‘attacj from all sides’

3.1.3 Prefix co- / kəu / 3.1.3.a Form

Prefix co- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel and consonant phonemes.

e.g. co- + exist = coexist ‘exist at the same time’

co- + incide = coincide ‘correspond in area and outline’ co- + operate = cooperate ‘work together’

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3.1.3. b Distribution

Prefix co- may be attached to: a. Noun

e.g. co + tenant = cotenant ‘joint tenant’

co + prosperity = coprosperity ‘prosperity together’ b. Verb

e.g. co- + operate = cooperate ‘work together’

co- + exist = coexist ‘ exist at the same time’ c. Adjective

e.g. co- + efficient = coefficient ‘known or unknown’ co- + equal = coequal ‘(emphatic for) equal’

3.1.3.c Function

Prefix co- is functioning to form intransitive verb from transitive one and noun.

e.g. co- + incide (Vt) = coincide ‘correspond in area’ co- + habit (N) = cohabit ‘live together’

3.1.3.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix co- may be mentioned as follows: a. To indicate ‘togetherness, equal and jointly’

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co- + education = coeducation ‘education of boys and girls together’.

b. To indicate ‘emphatic’

e.g. co- + equal = coequal ‘emphatic for equal’

3.1.4 Prefix de- / di, dɿ / 3.1.4.a Form

The form of prefix de- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes.

e.g. de + frost = defrost ‘remove, get ride of’ de + base = make lower in value’

de + populate = depopulate ‘lessen the number of people living in a place’

3.1.4.b Distribution

Prefix de- may be attached to the base forms as follows: a. Noun

e.g. de- + compress = decompress ‘bring back subject to normal pressure’

de- + range = derange ‘put out of working order’ b. Verb

e.g. de- + press = depress ‘push or pull down’ de- + serve = deserve ‘be entitled to’

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c. Adjective

e.g. de- + base = debase ‘make lower in value’

3.1.4.c Function

The function of prefix de- may be described as follows: a. To form verb from noun.

e.g. de- + four = defour ‘round about way’ de- + horn = dehorn ‘remove the horn form’ b. To form verb from adjective

e.g. de- + mean = demean ‘lower oneself in social esteem’ de- + base = debase ‘make lower in value’

3.1.4.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix de- may be described as follows: a. To indicate ‘negative or opposite of’

e.g. de- + crease = decrease ‘cause to become shorter’ de- + grade = degrade ‘reduce in rank or status’ b. To state ‘the action’ of what mentioned in the base.

e.g. de- + press = depress ‘press or pull down’ de- + bauch = debauch ‘to act immorally’

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3.1.5 Prefix dis- / dis / 3.1.5.a Form

Prefix dis- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes.

e.g. dis- + able = disable ‘make unable to do something’ dis- + honest = dishonest ‘not honest’

dis- + order = disorder ‘absence of order’

3.1.5.b Distribution

Prefix dis- may be attached to: a. Noun

e.g. dis- + union = disunion ‘breaking of what unites’ dis- + place = displace ‘put out of the right place’ b. Verb

e.g. dis- + obey = disobey ‘pay no attention to orders’ dis- + organixze = disorganize ‘throw inti confusion’ c. Adjective

e.g. dis- + loyal = disloyal ‘not loyal to’ dis- + similar = dissimilar ‘not the same’

3.1.5.c Function

Prefix dis- functions to form: a. Verb from noun

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e.g. dis- + grace = disgrace ‘bring disgrace on’ dis- + prove = disprove ‘proved to be wrong’ b. Verb from adjective

e.g. dis- + like = dislike ‘not like’ dis- + able = disable ‘not able’

3.1.5.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix dis- can be described as follows: a. To state the meaning of ‘negative or opposite’

e.g. dis- + agree = disagree ‘not agree’ dis- + like = dislike ‘not like’ b. To indicate the meaning of ‘change, lack of, remove from’

e.g. dis- + locate = dislocate ‘put something out of position’

dis- + harmony = disharmony ‘lack of harmony’

3.1.6 Prefix en- / en, in / 3.1.6.a Form

Prefix en- does not have any change when it is attached to the base form beginning with phoneme /p/ or /b/. it may be changed into em-. Besides, prefix en- may also attach to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes. e.g. en- + close = enclose ‘put a wall, fence, etc round’

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en- + bark = embark ‘put or take on board a ship’

3.1.6.b Distribution

The base words which may be attached by prefix en- are: a. Noun

e.g. en- + code = encode ‘put in a code’ en- + case = encase ‘pu into a case’ b. Verb

e.g. en- + roll = enroll ‘ (cause to) become a member’ en- + join = enjoin ‘give an order for’

c. Adjective

e.g. en- + sure = ensure ‘make sure’ en- + rich = enrich ‘make rich’

3.1.6.c Function

Prefix en- may be function as follows: a. To form verb from noun.

e.g. en- + circle = encircle ‘surround’ en- + list = enlist ‘take into’ b. To form verb from adjective.

e.g. en- + able = enable ‘make able’ en- + sure = ensure ‘make sure’

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3.1.6.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix en- may be described as follows: a. To do an action relating to what is mentioned in the base. e.g. en- + chain = enchain ‘fasten with chain’

en- + crust = encrust ‘cover with crust’ b. To indicate the meaning of ‘put in or on’.

e.g. en- + code = encode ‘put in a code’

en- + bark = embark ‘put or take a board on ship’ c. To indicate the meaning of ‘make into or cause to be’.

e.g. en- + courage = encourage ‘give hope or support to’ en- + rich = enrich ‘make rich’

3.1.7. Prefix in- / \_{n /} 3.1.7.a Form

Prefix in- has an allomorph. It may be changed into il-, im-, and ir-, when it is attached to the base begun with phonemes /e, b, p, m, r/. the variations of prefix in- are :

a. il-

e.g. in- + logic = illogic ‘without logic’ in- + legal = illegal ‘not legal’ b. im-

e.g. in- + polite = impolite ‘not polite’ in- + patient = impatient ‘not patient’

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c. ir-

e.g. in- + regular = irregular ‘contrary to rules’ in- + relevant = irrelevant ‘not relevant’

3.1.7.b Distribution

Prefix in- may be attached to the base as follows: a. Noun

e.g. in- + person + -al = impersonal ‘not influenced by personal’

in- + balance = imbalance ‘absence of

balance’ b. Verb

e.g. in- + put = input ‘what is put in or supplied’ in- + plant = implant ‘fix or put ideas, feelings, etc, in’ c. Adjective

e.g. in- + direct = indirect ‘not straight or direct’ in- + elegant = inelegant ‘not graceful or refined’

3.1.7.c Function

Prefix in- is functioning to form: a. Noun

e.g. in- + different = indifferent ‘having no interest in’ in- + road = inroad ‘sudden attack’

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b. Verb

e.g. in- + corporte = incorporate ‘become united in’ in- + flow = inflowing in’

c. Adjective

e.g. in- + religi = irreligious ‘showing no interest in religi’ in- + regular = irregular ‘contrary to rules’

3.1.7.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix in- may be described as follows: a. To indicate the meaning of ‘not or without’

e.g. in- + perfect = imperfect ‘not perfect’ in- + effective = ineffective ‘not effective’ b. To indicate the meaning of ‘in or on’

e.g. in- + habit = inhabit ‘live in’

in- + side = inside ‘inner side of surface’

3.1.8. Prefix mis / m\s / 3.1.8.a Form

Prefix mis- has only one form when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes.

e.g. mis- + fortune = misfortune ‘bad luck’

mis- + rule = misrule ‘failure to hit, cacth & reach’ mis- + inform = misinform ‘give wrong information to’

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3.1.8.b Distribution

Prefix mis- may be attached to the base as follows: a. Noun

e.g. mis- + fire = misfire ‘fail to go off (of a gun) mis- + name = misname ‘call by a wrong or improper name’

b. Verb

e.g. mis- + print = misprint ‘make an error in printing’ mis- + read = misread ‘read wrongly’

3.1.8.c Function

Prefix mis- does not function to form a new class of word. e.g. mis- + lead (V) = mislead (V) ‘lead wrongly’

mis- + count (V) = miscount (V) ‘count wrongly’

3.1.8.d Meaning

Prefix mis- has only one meaning indicating ‘not, bad, wrong’

e.g. mis- + call = miscall ‘call by a wrong name’ mis- + rule = misrule ‘bad government’

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3.1.9 Prefix re- / ri: / 3.1.9.a Form

Prefix re- does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phonemes.

e.g. re- + arrange = rearrange ‘put in a different order’ re- + build = rebuild ‘build or put together again’ re- + act = react ‘have an effect acting’

3.1.9.b Distribution

Prefix re- may be attached only to the base of verb.

e.g. re- + call = recall ‘summon back’

re- + produce = reproduce ‘cause to be seen, heard, etc, again’

3.1.9.c Function

Prefix re-does not function to change word class.

e.g. re- + fill (V) = refill (V) ‘fill again’

re + move (V) = remove (V) ‘take off or away from the place occupied’

3.1.9.d Meaning

Prefix re- may be indicate the meaning of ‘again, or put into a new ‘of what mentioned in the base.

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re- + open = reopen ‘open again after being closed’

re- + marry = remarry ‘marry again’

3.1.10 Prefix un- / ʌn / 3.1.10.a Form

Prefix un- has only one form when it is attached to the base beginning with either vowel or consonant phonemes.

e.g. un- + civil = uncivil ‘impolite’

un- + easy = uneasy ‘not easy in body or mind’ un- + fair = unfair ‘not fair’

3.1.10.b Distribution

Prefix un- may be attached to the base as follows: a. Noun

e.g. un- + earth = unearth ‘discoverand bring to light’ un- + dress = undress ‘remove the clothes of’ b. Verb

e.g. un- + cover = uncover ‘remove a cover from’ un- + pack = unpack ‘take out (things packaged)’ c. Adjective

e.g. un- + aware = unware ‘not aware’ un- + certain = uncertain ‘changeable’

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3.1.10.c Function

Prefix un- does not function to change class of word.

e.g. un- + belief (Adj) = unbelief (Adj) ‘state of not believing in’

un- + easy (Adj) = uneasy (Adj) ‘not easy’

3.1.10.d Meaning

Prefix un- may indicate the meaning of ‘opposite of, reverse, negative’ of what mentioned in the base.

e.g. un- + educate = unducated ‘not educated’ un- + lock = unlock ‘unfasten the lock’

3.2 Suffixes

Suffixes are used in English to form new words by modifying the base form. The writer of this thesis will further analyze ten suffixes of English which are listed as follows:

Suffix –al / -/, əl / Suffix –ize / -aiz / Suffix –en / -ən, -n / Suffix –ly / -lι / Suffix –ful / -fl / Suffix –ment / -mənt / Suffix –ion / -iən / Suffix –ness / -nis Suffix –ism / -\zəm / Suffix –ous / -əs /

(44)

3.2.1 Suffix –al / -l,əl / 3.2.1.a Form

Suffix –al does not change the form when it is attached to the base. e.g. arrive + -al = arrival ‘act of arriving’

music + -al = musical ‘fond of music’

nation + -al = national ‘characteristic of a / the nation’

3.2.1.b Distribution

Suffix –al may be attached to the base as follows: a. Noun

e.g. artifice + -al = artificial ‘not natural or real’ face + -al = facial ‘of or for the face’ b. Verb

e.g. act + -al = actual ‘existing in fact’

approve + -al = approval ‘showing that something is right’

3.2.1.c Function

Suffix –al may function to form: a. Noun

e.g. arrive + -al = arrival ‘act of arriving’ rent + -al = rental ‘income form’

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b. Adjective

e.g. logic + -al = logical ‘in accordance with the rules of’

habit + -al = habitual ‘regular, usual’

3.2.1.d Meaning

The meaning of suffix –al may be described as follows: a. To state ‘the act of’ as mentioned in the base.

e.g. burry + -al = burial dispose + -al = disposal

b. To state the meaning of ‘charecteristic or attitude’ of what mentioned in the base.

e.g. nation + -al = national ‘charecteristic or attitude’ of what mentioned in the base.

e.g. nation + -al = national ‘charecteristic of a nation’ nature + -al = natural ‘concerned with nature’

3.2.2 Suffix –en / -ən, -n / 3.2.3.a Form

Suffix –en does not have any change when it is attached the base form. e.g. haste + -en = hasten

light + -en = lighten fright + -en = frighten

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3.2.2.b Distribution

Suffix –en can be attached to the base of : a. Noun

e.g. light + -en = lighten b. Adjective

e.g. white + -en = whiten

3.2.2.c Function

The function of suffix –en is to form verb from the base of non and adjective.

e.g. haste (N) + -en = hasten length (N) + -en = lengthen deep (N) + -en = deepen hard (N) + -en = harden

3.2.2.d Meaning

Suffix –en denotes ‘the act with and cause the state of’ to which it is attached to.

e.g. red + -en = redden

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3.2.3 Suffix –ful / -fl / 3.2.3.a Form

Suffix –ful has no any change when it is attached to the base.

e.g. beauty + -ful = beautiful ‘giving pleasure to the mind or sense’

help + -ful = helpful ‘giving help’ hope + -ful = hopeful ‘having hope’

3.2.3.b Distribution

Suffix –ful may be attached to the base of noun only.

e.g. power + -ful = powerful ‘having great power’ use + -ful = useful ‘producing good result’

3.2.3.c Function

Suffix –ful may be function to form adjective only.

e.g. harm + -ful = harmful ‘causing harm’ peace + -ful = peaceful ‘loving peace’

3.2.3.d Meaning

Suffix –ful often indicates the meaning of ‘full of, having the quality of’ from as mentioned in the base.

e.g. hand + -ful = handful ‘be fully occupied’ power + -ful = powerful ‘having great power’

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3.2.4 Suffix –ion / -iən / 3.2.4.a Form

Suffix –ion does not have any change when it is attached to the base form of verb, but there is a lot of phonemes and a phoneme change as at the end of the base form, as the result of combining two morphemes.

e.g. suggest + -ion = suggestion ‘the idea, plain, etc that is suggested’

inflect + -ion = inflection ‘inflecting’ rehabitate + -ion = rehabitation ‘rehabitating’

3.2.4.b Distribution

Suffix –ion may be attached to the base form as follows: a. Noun

e.g tract + -ion = traction ‘pulling or drawing something over a surface’

b. Verb

e.g. imitate + -ion = imitation ‘not real’ possess + -ion = possession ‘ownership’ c. Adjective

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3.2.4.c Function

The function of suffix –ion is to form noun from the base form of verb. e.g. regress + -ion = regression

confuse + -ion = confusion invent + -ion = invention

3.2.4.d Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ion is ‘the act of being’ to which it is attached. e.g. dedicate + -ion = dedication

translate + -ion = translation deduct + -ion = deduction

3.2.5 Suffi–ism / \zəm / 3.2.5.a Form

Suffix –ism does not have any change when it is attached to the base beginning with vowel and consonant phoneme.

e.g. human + -ism = humanism ‘devotion to human interest’

hero + -ism = heroism ‘quality of being a hero’ critic + -ism = criticism ‘the work of a critic’

3.2.5.b Distribution

Suffix –ism may only be attached to the base form of noun.

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typically American’

imperial + -ism = imperialism ‘believe in the value of colonies.

3.2.5.c Function

Suffix –ism may function to form noun.

e.g. local + -ism = localism ‘interest in a district’

liberal + -ism = liberalism ‘views, opinions and principles’

3.2.5.d Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ism may be described as follows : a. ‘showing qualities typical of’

e.g. Buddha + -ism = buddhism ‘follower of Buddha’

patriot + -ism = patriotism ‘the feelings and qualities of a patriot’

b. ‘showing specific doctrine, principle and movement’

e.g. colonial + -ism = colonialism ‘policy of having colonies, and keeping them dependent’

e.g. human + -ism = humanism ‘system that is concerned with the study of mankind’

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3.2.6 Suffix –ize / -əiz / 3.2.6.a Form

Suffix –ize does not have any change when it is attached to the base form. e.g. computer + -ize = computerize ‘store (information) with or in a computer’

civil + -ize = civilize ‘refine the manner of’ critic + -ize = criticize ‘give a judgement of’

3.2.6.b Distribution

Suffix –ize may be attached to the base as follows : a. Noun

e.g. organ + -ize = organize ‘arrange in a system’

maxim + -ize = maximize ‘increase in a maximum level’

b. Adjective

e.g. liberal + -ize = liberalize ‘make liberal’

real + -ize = realize ‘be fully conscious of’

3.2.6.c Function

Suffix –ize may function to form verb only from noun and adjective. e.g. emphasis + -ize = emphasize ‘put emphasis on’

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3.2.6.d Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ize can be described as follows : a. To state the meaning of ‘cause to be, make like, change into’

e.g. minim + -ize = minimize ‘reduce to minimum’ modern + -ize = modernize ‘bring up to date’ b. To state the meaning of ‘act with the qualities of’

e.g. depute + -ize = deputize ‘act as deputy’

patron + -ize = patronize ‘act as patron towards’

3.2.7 Suffix –ly / lι / 3.2.7.a Form

Suffix –ly does not have any change when it is attached to the base begun with vowel and consonant phoneme.

e.g. happy + -ly = happily ‘in the manner of happy’ polite + -ly = politely ‘in the manner of polite’ sad + -ly = sadly ‘in the manner of sad’

3.2.7.b Distribution

Suffix –ly may be attached to: a. Noun

e.g. scholar + -ly = scholarly ‘having or showing much learning of’

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b. Adjective

e.g. scarce + -ly = scarcely ‘barely’

near + -ly = nearly ‘almost’

3.2.7.c Function

Suffix –ly may be function to form : a. Adjective

e.g. love + -ly = lovely ‘beautiful, pleasant’

like + -ly = likely ‘suitable or right for a purpose’

b. Adverb

e.g sad + -ly = sadly ‘in the manner of sad’ mere + -ly = merely ‘only, simply’

3.2.7.d Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ly may be described as follows : a. To indicate the meaning of ‘in the manner of’.

e.g. sharp + -ly = sharply ‘in the manner of sharp’ soft + -ly = softly ‘in the manner of soft’ b. To indicate the meaning of ‘having the qualities of’

e.g. coward + -ly = cowardly ‘not brave’

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c. To indicate the meaning of ‘regular occurance’

e.g. week + -ly = weekly ‘happening once a week’ month + -ly = monthly ‘happening once a month’

3.2.8 Suffix –ment / mənt / 3.2.8.a Form

Suffix –ment has only one form. It may be attached to the base beginning with vowel or consonant phoneme.

e.g. manage + -ment = management ‘managing or being managed’ depart + -ment = department ‘one of several division of a government, university, ect.

employ + -ment = employment ‘one’s regular work’

3.2.8.b Distribution

Suffix –ment may be attached to the base of verb only.

e.g. invest + -ment = invesment ‘some of money that is invested’

entertaint + -ment = entertainment ‘public performance (at a theatre, circus, ect).

3.2.8.c Function

Suffix –ment may function to form noun only.

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apart + -ment = apartment ‘set of rooms in a large building’

improve + -ment = improvement ‘something which improves to beauty, value, ect’.

3.2.8.d Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ment is to indicate the meaning of or result or means of an action.

e.g. develop + -ment = development ‘developing or being developed’

govern + -ment = government ‘method or system of governing’

judge + -ment = judgement ‘decision of a judge or a court’

3.2.9 Suffix –ness / nəs / 3.2.9.a Form

Suffix –ness does not have any change when it is attached to the base. e.g. ill + -ness = illness ‘state of being ill’

dark + -ness = darkness ‘state of being dark’ correct + -ness = correctness ‘something that is correct’

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3.2.9.b Distribution

Suffix –ness may attach to the base of adjective only.

e.g. happy + -ness = happiness ‘well suited to the situation’ sharp + -ness = sharpness ‘result of sharp’

3.2.9.c Function

Suffix –ness may only function to the form noun.

e.g. kind + -ness = kindness ‘being kind’

bad + -ness = badness ‘quality of being bad’

3.2.9.d Meaning

Suffix –ness often indicates the meaning of ‘a quality, state and character’ of what mentioned in the base.

e.g. silly + -ness = silliness ‘quality of being silly’ dry + -ness = dryness ‘condition of being dry’

3.2.10 Suffix –ous /əs / 3.2.10.a Form

Suffix –ous does not have any change when it is attached to the base. e.g. continue + -ous = continuous ‘going on without a break’

glamour + -ous = glamorous ‘full of glamorous’ indigen + -ous = indigenous ‘belonging naturally’

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3.2.10.b Distribution

Suffix –ous may be attached to the base of noun only.

e.g. poison + -ous = poisonous ‘having quality of poison’ contagion + -ous = contagious ‘(of disease) spreading by contact’

3.2.10.c Function

Suffix –ous may function to form adjective only.

e.g. marvel + -ous = marvelous ‘wonderful’ glamour + -ous = glamorous ‘full of glamour’

3.2.10.d Meaning

The meaning of suffix –ous is to indicate ‘having the qualities of what mentioned in the base.

e.g. zeal + -ous = zealous ‘acting with zeal’ tremor + -ous = tremulous ‘nervous’

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CHAPTER IV AFFIXES IN ACEHNESE

After analyzing prefixes and suffixes of English, now the writer will analyze the processes of affixation in Acehnese language, especially the prefixes and suffixes.

4.1 Prefixes

In this occasion, the writer tries to analyze five prefixes in Acehnese language. They are listed as follows:

Prefix meu- / meu / Prefix neu- / neu / Prefix peu- / peu / Prefix teu-/teu / Prefix beu- / beu /

4.1.1. Prefix meu- / meu / 4.1.1. a Form

Prefix meu- does not have any change when it is attached to the base form. E.g. meu- + mat ‘hold’ = meumat ‘holding’

meu- + pajoh ‘eat’ = meupa joh ‘eating’ meu- + jak ‘go’ = meujak ‘going’

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4.1.1.b Distribution

Prefix meu- may be attached to the base as follows : a. Noun

e.g. meu- + sabon ‘soap’ = meusabon ‘soapy’ meu- + cabeung ‘branch’ = meucabeung ‘branches’ b. Verb

e.g. meu- + grob ‘jump’ = meugrob ‘jumps’ meu- + prang ‘war’ = meuprang ‘wars’ c. Adjective

e.g. meu- + rugoe ‘lose out’ = meurugoe ‘loses’ meu- + payong ‘umbrella’ = meupayong ‘umbrella’ d. Numeral

e.g. meu + dua ‘two’ = meudua ‘two’ meu + reutoh ‘hundred’ = meureutoh ‘hundred’ e. Pronoun

e.g. meu + gata ‘you’ = meugata ‘calling you’ meu + cuda ‘sister’ = meucuda ‘calling sister’ f. Adverb

e.g. meu + rame-rame ‘crowded’ = meurame-rame ‘crowded’

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4.1.1.c Function

The function of prefix meu- is to form: a. Verb

e.g. meu- + kayoh ‘row’ = meukayoh ‘rowing’ meu- + gantoe ‘replacement’ = meugantoe ‘replace’

4.1.1.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix meu- is ‘to do an active action’

e.g. meu- + kap ‘bite’ = meukap ‘bitten’ meu- + koh ‘cut’ = meukoh ‘cut’

4.1.2. Prefix Peu- 4.1.2.a Form

Prefix peu- does not have any change when it is attached to the base form. e.g. peu- + lawok ‘mix’ = peulawok ‘mixed’

peu- + ato ‘arrange’ = peuato ‘arranged’

4.1.2.b Distribution

Prefix peu- may be attached to the base as follows: a. Noun

e.g. peu + sira ‘salt’ = peusira ‘salty’ peu- + asoe ‘content’ = peuasoe ‘contents’

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b. Verb

e.g. peu- + intat ‘deliver’ = peuintat ‘delivery’ peu- + riwang ‘return’ = peuriwang ‘returns’

4.1.2.c Function

The function of prefix peu- is to form: a. Verb

e.g. peu- + seutot ‘find’ = peuseutot ‘finding’ peu- + beudoh ‘wake up’ = peuseutot ‘wake’

4.1.2.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix peu- is ‘to do an action’ e.g. peu- + plung ‘run’ = peuplung ‘run’

peu- + maen ‘play’ = peumaen ‘plays’

4.1.3. Prefix beu- 4.1.3.a Form

Prefix beu- does not have any change when it is attached to the base form. But prefix beu- has two (affixes unite) beumeu- and beuteu.

e.g. beumeu- + som ‘hide’ = beumeusom ‘hide’ beumeu- + ba ‘bring’ = beumeuba ‘bring’ e.g. beuteu- + puta ‘turning’ = beuteuputa ‘turning’

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4.1.3.b Distribution

Prefix peu- may be attached to the base as follows : a. Noun

e.g. beumeu- + kuah ‘gravy’ = beumeukuah ‘gravy’

beumeu- + gunteng ‘cut’ = beumeugunteng

‘cutting’ b. Verb

e.g. beumeu- + seumpom ‘toss’ = beumeuseumpom ‘be tossed’

beumeu- + sie ‘slice’ = beumeusie ‘slash into’ c. Adjective

e.g. beumeu- + tuah ‘noble’ = beumeutuah ‘honorable’ beumeu- + saba ‘patient’ = beumeusaba ‘be patient’ d. Pronoun (beumeu)

e.g. beumeu- + pat ‘where’ = beumeupat ‘must know where’

beumeu- + peu ‘what’ = beumeupat ‘must know what’

4.1.3.c Function

The function of prefix beumeu- is to form: a. Verb

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e.g. beumeu- + pate ‘fold’ = beumeupate ‘fold’ beumeu- + putie ‘select’ = beumeuputie ‘selected’

4.1.3.d Meaning

The meaning of prefix beumeu- is ‘to do an action or make something becoming’

e.g. beumeu- + taron ‘snare’ = beumeutaron ‘to be snare’ beumeu- + teumeung ‘find’ = beuteumeung’ ‘to be found’

4.1.4. Prefix neu- / neu / 4.1.4.a Form

Prefix neu- does not have any change when it is attached to the base form. e.g. neu- + beuet ‘pray’ = neubeuet ‘prayed’

neu- + bloe ‘buy’ = neubloe ‘buyed’

4.1.4.b Distribution

Prefix neu- may be attached to the base form: a. Verb

e.g. neu- + tuleh ‘write’ = neutuleh ‘you write’ neu- + gamba ‘draw’ = neugamba ‘you draw’ b. Adjective

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neu + tulong ‘help’ = neutulong ‘helped by you’

4.1.4.c Function

Prefix neu- has function to form: a. Verb

e.g. neu- + tampa ‘slap’ = neutampa ‘slaped’ neu- + raba ‘touch’ = neuraba ‘touched’

4.1.4.d Meaning

Prefix neu- has meaning to indicate the verb form: e.g. neu- + sahob ‘angry’ = neusahob ‘angry’

neu- + khem ‘smile’ = neukhem ‘smiled’

4.1.5. Prefix teu-/teu/ 4.1.5.a Form

Prefix teu- does not have any change when it is attached to the base form. e.g. teu- + kap ‘bite’ = teukap ‘bitten’

teu- + sie ‘cut’ = teusie ‘cutting’

4.1.5.b Distribution

Prefix teu- may be attached to the base as follows : a. Noun

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e.g. teu- + catok ‘mattock’ = teucatok ‘mattock’

teu- + pageue ‘fence’ = teupageue ‘fence’ b. Verb

e.g. teu- + ngieng ‘see’ = teungieng ‘see’

teu- + bah ‘throw’ = teubah ‘throw’

c. Adjective

e.g. teu- + seungeh-seungeh ‘smile’ = teuseungeh-seungeh ‘smile’

teu- + tahe-tahe ‘amaze’= teutahe-tahe

‘amaze’

4.1.5.c Function

Prefix teu- functions to form: a. Verb from noun

e.g. teu- + gunteng ‘cut’ = teugunteng ‘cutting’ teu- + sareng ‘strain’ = teusareng ‘strained’

4.1.5. d Meaning

The meaning of prefix teu- is ‘to do an action/ accidently action’ e.g. teu- + asek ‘shake’ = teuasek ‘shaking’

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4.2 Suffixes

Suffixes are used in Acehnese Language to form new words by modifying the base form. The writer will further analyze five suffixes of Acehnese which are listed as follows:

Suffix –an Suffix -kan

Suffix –pih Suffix -keuh

Suffix –sit

4.2.1. Suffix –an 4.2.1.a. Form

Suffix –an does not change the form when it is attached to the base. e.g. kurong ‘cage’ + -an = kurongan ‘cage’

4.2.1.b. Distribution

Suffix –an can’t be attached to any form.

4.2.1.c. Function

Suffix –an has no function to any form.

4.2.1.d. Meaning

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4.2.2 Suffix -pih 4.2.2.a. Form

Suffix –pih does not change the form when it is attached to the base. e.g. meunan ‘like that’ + -pih = meunanpih ‘likewise’

hanjeut ‘can not’ + -pih = hanjeutpih ‘just can not’

4.2.2.b. Distribution

Suffix –pih may be attached to form: a. Noun

e.g. bajee ‘cloth’ + -pih = bajeepih ‘cloth’ ungkot ‘fish’ + -pih = ungkotpih ‘fish’ b. Adjective

e.g. sabaa ‘patient’ + -pih = sabaapih ‘patient’ geut ‘good’ + -pih = geutpih ‘good’

4.2.2.c Function

Suffix –pih has no function to any form.

4.2.2.d Meaning

Suffix –pih has meaning to ‘make sure about something’

e.g. jeumot ‘clever’ + -pih = jeumotpih ‘clever’ gleeh ‘clean’ + -pih = gleehpih ‘clean’

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4.2.3. Suffix –sit 4.2.3.a. Form

Suffix –sit does not change the form when it is attached to the base. e.g. meunan ‘like that’ + -sit = meunansit ‘likewise’

lageenyan ‘like that’ + -sit = lageenyansit ‘likewise’

4.2.3.b. Distribution

Suffix –sit can’t be attached to any form

4.2.3.c Function

Suffix –sit has no function to adverb from verb:

e.g. maen ‘play’ + -sit = maensit ‘plays’ jioh ‘far’ + -sit = jiohsit ‘far away’

4.2.3.d Meaning

Suffix –sit has no meaning to any form.

4.2.4. Suffix –kan 4.2.4.a. Form

Suffix –kan does not change the form when it is attached to the base. e.g. ubit ‘small’ + -kan = ubitkan ‘small’

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4.2.4.b. Distribution

Suffix –kan can’t be attached to any form.

4.2.4.c Function

Suffix –kan has function to any form.

4.2.4.d Meaning

Suffix –kan has meaning to indicate the time.

e.g. phon ‘first’ + -kan = phonkan ‘in the

beginning’

beungoh ‘morning’ + -kan = beungohkan ‘since morning’

baro ‘yesterday’ + -kan = barokan ‘since yesterday’

4.2.5. Suffix –keuh 4.2.5.a. Form

Suffix –keuh does not change the form when it is attached to the base. e.g. aneuk ‘child’ + -keuh = aneukkeuh ‘your child’

bunggong ‘flower’ + -keuh = bunggongkeuh ‘your flower’

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4.2.5.b. Distribution

Suffix –keuh may attach to the base of noun only: a. Noun

e.g. buku ‘book’ + -keuh = bukukeuh ‘your book’ sipatu ‘shoes’ + -keuh = sipatukeuh ‘your shoes’

4.2.5.c Function

Suffix –keuh may only function to form noun.

e.g. meja ‘table’ + -keuh = mejakeuh ‘your table’ peng ‘money’ + -keuh = pengkeuh ‘your money’

4.2.5.d Meaning

The meaning of suffix –keuh is to indicate something belongs to someone. e.g. bajee ‘blouse’ + -keuh = bajeekeuh ‘your blouse’

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CHAPTER V

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

A contrastive analysis is a method of linguistic analysis, which analyzes and describes the similarities and dissimilarities between two or more different languages. English and Acehnese Language are two languages, which obviously come from different family. They are may be said independent in their structural forms as well as communication status. However, on the other side, English and Acehnese are similar in function, which is to say as a means of communication.

In accordance with the title of this thesis, “A Contrastive Analysis between English and Acehnese Affixes”, so the writer attempt to analyze the correspondences between two languages, but in case of prefixes and suffixes particularly.

In the previous discussion, the writer has analyzed prefixes and suffixes of English and Acehnese Language by providing some descriptions. So, the writer turns the analysis between the correspondence and non-correspondences of prefixes and suffixes between English and Acehnese Language based upon the analysis of form, distribution, function and meaning.

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5.1. Correspondences ENGLISH

5.1.1. Form

1. Prefixes which is attached to the base form beginning with consonant phoneme only:

be- e.g.

be- + fone = befone ‘make dirty’

be- + witch = bewitch ‘work magic on’

ACEHNESE

1. Prefixes which is attached to the base form beginning with consonant phoneme only are: meu-, peu-, beu-, neu-, teu-

e.g.

meu- + mat‘hold’ = meumat ‘holding’

peu- + lawok ‘mix’= peulawok ‘mixed’

beu- + rheut ‘fall’ = beurheut ‘fallin’

neu- + bloe ‘buy’ = neubloe ‘buyed’

teu- + kap ‘bite’ = teukap ‘bitten’

2. Prefix which is attached to the base form beginning with vowel phoneme only is not found.

2. Prefix which may be attached to the base form beginning with vowel phoneme only is not found.

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3. All suffixes of English which do not have any change when they are attached to the base form.

3. All suffixes of Acehnese Language do not have any change when they are attached to the base form.

5.1.2. Distribution

1. prefixes which is attached to the base form of noun, verb, and adjective: a-, be-, co-, de-, dis-, en-, in-, un- e.g.

a- + bed = abed be- + witch = bewitch co- + star = costar de- + range = derange dis- + place = displace en- + case = encase in- + put = input un- + dress = undress

2. Prefixes which is attached to the base form of noun and verb, is mis-

e.g.

mis- + name = misnamed mis- + read = misread

Prefixes which is attached to

2. Prefix which is attached to the base form of noun and verb is peu- e.g.

peu-+ ato ‘arrange’ = peuato ‘arranged’

peu-+ lawok ‘mix’ =peulawok ‘mix’ 1. Prefixes which is attached to the base form of noun, verb, and adjective: Teu-

e.g.

teu- + catok ‘mattock’ = teucato ‘mattock’

teu- + ngieng ‘see’ = teungieng ‘see’

teu- + seungeh-seungeh ‘smile’ = teuseungeh-seungeh ‘smile’

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3. Prefix which may be attached to the base form of adjective do not occur in this language.

3. Prefix which may be attached to the base form of adjective only do not occur in this language.

4. Suffix which may be attached to the base form of noun and adjective: -ize,-ly

e.g.

analys + -ize = analyze real + -ize = realize near + ly = nearly sad + ly = sadly

4. Suffix which may be attached to the base form of noun and adjective: -pih

e.g.

meunan ‘like that’ + -pih = meunanpih ‘likewise’

5. Suffix which may be attached to the base form of noun only: ful, ous, -ism.

e.g

beauty + -full = beautiful glamour + -ous = glamourous real + -ism = realism

5. Suffix which may be attached to the base form of noun only is –keuh

e.g.

buku ‘book’ + -keuh = bukukeuih ‘your book’

sipatu ‘shoes’ + -keuh’ = sipatukeuh ‘your shoes’

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5.1.3. Function

1. Prefixes which may change class of word are: a-, be-, co-, de-,

dis-, en-, in-, re-, un- e.g.

a- + head = ahead be- + guile = beguile co- + habit = cohabit de- + horn = dehorn dis- + able = disable en- + close = enclose in- + put = input re - + call = recall un- + mask = unmask

1. Prefixes which may change class of word are: meu-, peu-, beu-, neu-, teu-

e.g.

meu- + mat‘hold’ = meumat ‘holding’ peu- + lawok ‘mix’= peulawok

‘mixed’

beu- + rheut ‘fall’ = beurheut ‘fallin’

neu- + bloe ‘buy’ = neubloe ‘buyed’ teu- + kap ‘bite’ = teukap ‘bitten’

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2. All suffixes may change class of word are –al, -ful, -ion, -ize, -ly, -ment, -ness, -ous, -ism, -en. e.g.

logic + -al = logical harm + -ful = harmful isolate + -ion = isolation legal + -ize = legalize love + -ly = lovely manage + -ment = management rich + -ness = richness glamour + -ous = glamourous human + -ism = humanism light + -en = lighten

2. All suffixes may change class of word are: –an, -pih, -sit, -kan, -keuh

e.g.

kurong ‘cage’ + -an = kurongan ‘cage’ meunan ‘like that’ + -pih = meunanpih ‘likewise’

meunan ‘like that’ + -sit = meunansit ‘likewise’

ubit ‘child’ + -kan = ubitkan ‘since child’ aneuk ‘child’ + -keuh = aneukkeuh ‘your child’

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5.1.4. Meaning

1. Prefixes which indicate the meaning of ‘to do an action’ relating to what is mentioned in the base form are: a-, be-, de-, en-

e.g.

a- + mass = amass ‘collect be- + moan = bemoan

de- + press = depress ‘press or pull down’

en- + case = encase ‘put into a case’

1. Prefixes which indicate the meaning of ‘to do an action’ relating to what is mentioned in the base form are: meu-, peu-, beu-, teu- e.g.

meu- + mat‘hold’ = meumat ‘holding’

peu- + ato ‘arrange’= peuato ‘arranged’

beu- + kuah ‘gravy’ = beukuah ‘gravy’

teu- + sie ‘cut’ = teusie ‘cutting’

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5.2. Non-Correspondences ENGLISH

5.2.1. Form

1. Prefixes which may be attached to the base form beginning with both vowel and consonant phoneme: a-, co-, de-, in-, mis-, re-, un- e.g.

a- + cross = across co- + operate = cooperate de- + frost = defrost in- + elegant = inelegant mis-+ lead = mislead re- + move = remove un- + dress = undress

ACEHNESE

1. Prefixes which may be attached to the base form beginning with both vowel and consonant phoneme do not occur in this language.

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5.2.2. Distribution

1. Prefix which may be attached to the base form of verb only is re- e.g.

re- + call = recall re- + move = remove

2. Prefix which may be attached to the base form of numeral,

pronoun is not found in this language.

1. Prefix which may be attached to the base form of verb only do not occur in this language.

2. Prefix which may be attached to the base form of numeral, pronoun is meu-

e.g.

meu- + reutoh ‘hundred’= meurotoh ‘hundred’

meu- + gata ‘you’ = meugata ‘calling you’

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3. Suffixes which may be attached to the base form of noun, verb, and adjective is –ion

e.g.

posses + -ion + possession suggest + -ion = suggestion

4.Suffixes which may be attached to the base form of noun and verb is -al e.g.

magic + -al = magical approve + -al = approval

5. Suffixes which may be attached to the base form adjective is -ness e.g.

rich + -ness = richness happy + -ness = happiness

3. Suffixes which may be attached to the base form of noun, and adjective is not occur in this language.

4. Suffixes which may be attached to the base form of noun and verb is not found in this language

5. Suffixes which may be attached to the base form of adjective is not found in this language.

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5.2.3. Function

1. Prefix which may function to form verb from the base form does not occur in this language.

this language.

2. Prefix which may function to form verb from noun from the base

does not occur in this language.

1. Prefix which may function to form verb from

the base form are: meu-, peu-, beu-, neu-

e.g.

meu- + kayoh ‘row’ = maukayoh ‘rowed’

peu- + beudoh ‘wake up’ = peubeudoh ‘waked up’

beu- + plung ‘run’ = beuplung ‘running’

neu- + raba ‘touch’ = neuraba ‘touched’

2. Prefix which may function to form verb from

noun from the base form is teu- e.g.

teu- + gunteng ‘cut’ = teugunteng ‘cutting’

teu- + sareng ‘strain’ = teusareng ‘strained’

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5.2.4. Meaning

1. Prefixes which indicate negative meaning or opposite of what is mentioned in the base form are: a-, de-, dis-, in-, mis-, un-

e.g.

a- + theis = atheis ‘not believe in God’

de- + grade = degrade ‘reduce in rank or status’ dis- + obey = disobey ‘pay no attention to order’ in- + perfect = imperfect ‘not perfect’

mis- + rule = misrule ‘bad government’ un- + important = unimportant ‘not important’

1. Prefixes which indicate negative meaning or opposite of what is mentioned in the base form is not found in this language.

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CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

6.1 Conclusion

Based upon morphology point of view, the writer has tried to analyze all prefixes and suffixes of English and Acehnese Language. The writer finally finds out that English and Acehnese Language have their own morphological processes which over the similarities and dissimilarities in the description.

Dealing with the correspondences of prefixes and suffixes between English and Acehnese Language, the writer try to draw some conclusions concerning the analysis of form, distribution, function and meaning.

1. Prefixes which are attached to the base form beginning with consonant phoneme only are:

be- (Eng)

meu-, peu-, beu-, neu-, teu- (AL)

2. Prefixes which may be attached to the base form beginning with vowel phonemes only do not occur either in English or Acehnese language.

3. Prefixes which is attached to the base form of noun, verb, and adjective are: a-, be-, co-, de-, dis-, en-, in-, un- (Eng)

teu- (AL)

4. Prefixes which are attached to the base form of noun and verb are: Mis- (Eng)

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5. Prefixes which may change class of word are: a-, be-, co-, de-, dis-, en-, in-, re-, un- (Eng) meu-, peu-, beu-, neu-, teu- (AL)

6. Prefixes which indicate the meaning of ‘to do an action’ relating to what is mentioned in the base are:

a-, be-, de-, en- (Eng) meu-, peu-, beu-, teu- (AL)

7. All suffixes of English and Acehnese Language do not have any change when they are attached to the base form.

8. Suffix which may be attached to the base form of noun and adjective are: -ize, -ly (Eng)

-pih (AL)

9. Suffixes which may be attached to the base form of noun only are: -ful, -ous, -ism (Eng)

-keuh (Al)

10. All suffixes of English and Acehnese Language may change class of word.

Prefixes and suffixes of English and Acehnese Language also have some non-correspondences as may be concluded as follows:

1. Prefixes which may be attached to the base form beginning with both vowel and consonant phoneme are: co-, de-, in-, mis-, re-, un- (Eng)

There is no prefix of Acehnese Language which may be attached to the base form beginning with both vowel and consonant phoneme.

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2. Prefixes which may be attached to the base form of verb only is re- (Eng) There is no prefix of Acehnese Language which may be attached to the base form of verb only.

3. There is no prefix of English which may be attached to the base form of numeral and pronoun.

Prefixes which may be attached to the base form of numeral and pronoun is meu- (AL)

4. There is no prefix of English which may function verb from the base form. Prefixes which may function verb form the base form are: meu-, peu-, beu-, neu- (AL)

5. There is no prefix of English which may function verb from noun from the base form.

Prefixes which may function verb form noun from the base form is teu-

6. Prefixes which indicate negative meaning or opposite of what is mentioned in the base form are: a-, de-, dis-, in-, mis-, un- (Eng)

There is no prefix of Acehnese Language which indicates negative meaning or opposite of what is mentioned in the base form.

7. Suffixes which may be attached to the base form of noun, verb, and adjective is –ion (Eng)

There is no prefix of Acehnese Language which may be attached to the base form of noun, verb, and adjective.

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There is no prefix of Acehnese Language which may be attached to the base form of noun and verb.

9. Suffixes which may be attached to the base form of adjective is: -ness (Eng) There is no prefix of Acehnese Language which may be attached to the base form of adjective.

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6.2 Suggestions

Being interested in analyzing the prefixes and suffixes between English and Acehnese Language, the writer tries to propose some suggestions as follows: 1. The analysis of prefixes and suffixes between English and Acehnese Language

in this thesis is still limited. Therefore, the writer suggests students of English Department who are interested in this field of study to do further research, particularly about the grammatical forms concerned.

2. Students of English Department should be accustomed to read any writing, which are concerned with various items of English and other languages such as Acehnese Language. So, they can enrich their vocabularies and they also can deepen their knowledge about language and linguistics.

3. The writer realize that the analysis of Acehnese Language as one of the local languages in Indonesia is still very few in number, because very small number of people who are interested to analyze it, the writer hope those who do care about the existence of Acehnese Language should do some attempts in developing it.

4. The writer hope that this thesis could be a reference for those who want to do further research in English and Acehnese.

5. The writer fully realize that this thesis is still far from being perfect, therefore any constructive criticism will be highly appreciated.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ali, Zaini. dkk. 1983. Sistem Morfologi Kata Kerja Bahasa Aceh. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. Great Britain : Compton printing Ltd. London and Aylesbury.

Durie, Mark. 1985. A Grammar of Acehnese On the basis of a dialect of North

Aceh. Dordrecht-Holland/Cinnaminson-U.S.A. : Foris Publications.

Katamba, Francis. 1993. Modern Linguistics Morphology. Palgrave Houndmills.

Lamberts, J.J. 1972. A Short Introduction to English Usage. Tempe, Arizona : Arizona State University.

Naibaho, Prof. DR. Jawasi. 2006. Contrastive Linguistic A Course Material. Medan : Program Pasca Sarjana UNIMED.

Scalise, Sergio. 1984. Generative Morphology. Dordrecht-Holland/Cinnaminson-U.S.A. : Foris Publications.

Sulaiman, Budiman. dkk. 1983. Struktur Bahasa Aceh: Morfologi dan Sintaksis. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Wildan. dkk. 1999. Tata Bahasa Aceh. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

may 2010, 11.11 pm

http:// grammar. Ccc. Comment.edu/grammar/abbreviation.htm accessed on 1 December 2010, 12.49 am

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LIST OF INFORMANTS

Name : Juwairiah Age : 40 years old

Address : JL. Banda Aceh-Medan no.3 Geurugok, Ganda Pura Aceh utara. Profession : Acehnese Language Teacher

Name : Nawarti Age : 53 years old

Address : Gg. Bidan no. 4 Teumpok Teungoh, Lhokseumawe Profession : Civil Servant

Name : M. Rizal Age : 51 years old

Address : Jl. Listrik no. 1 Hagu Selatan, Lhokseumawe Profession : Acehnese Language Teacher

Name : Mulyati Age : 40 years old

Address : Gg. Kesehatan no. 6 Teumpok Teungoh, Lhokseumawe Profession : Civil Servant

Name : Yusmalia Age : 45 years old

Address : Jl. Garuda no. 2 Teumpok Teungoh, Lhokseumawe Profession : Civil Servant